PRT 2008

1. PRT 2008 2.0 The Evolution of Agriculture

2. Prehistoric Era • Three-age Era • Stone Age • Bronze Age • Iron Age

3. STONE AGE Hunter-Gatherer (pemburupemungut) • Nomadic • Pre-historic era or Paleolithic. • > 1millions years ago. • Major climatic change occurred – affect the evolution of humans – End of Ice Age • Human evolution spread from savanna of East Africa to the rest of the world. • Food source: Lots of protein, little dairy or carbohydrates.

4. BRONZE AGE • 3200-1200BC • Start metalworking (melting copper and tin) from naturally occurring ore then alloying those metal to cast Bronze. • Better tools for agric.

5. IRON AGE • 1200-500BC • Development of steel tools and weapons whose main ingredient was IRON (+ carbon) • Actually transition started middle bronze age • Iron cheaper, commonly found • Easy to sharpen and reforge • Technique of smelting iron: in Anatolia (turkey)

6. Agriculture in the Middle Ages. • Advancement made by the Muslims, golden era of Osmaniah (early 9th century -800 AD) - • Near East, North Africa and Spain • Extensive irrigation and cultivation knowledge • started the agricultural revolution based on 4 key areas:

7. 1. Irrigation system with machines, dams & reservoirs • Builtcanalsfrom rivers to their dry land. • Used farm animals to turn water wheels that powered flour mills and brought water to the higher canals. • Animals also turned wheels that brought water out ofwells.

8. 2. Adopted scientific approach to farming with improved farming techniques (manuals published) made possible raising of crops and animals away from place of origin. 3. Incentive driven approach in the forms of land ownership, labourers’ rights, rewards of harvest (wages) commensurate with efforts.

9. 4. Introduction of new crops & plant varieties & new cultivation techniques derived from research. • Developed a process called "grafting". A branch from one fruit tree can be cut off and transferred to another tree. The branch of a green apple tree, for example, can be grafted into the trunk of a red apple tree. The green branch will still give off green apples. The same is true with grapes on grape vines, and with some other fruit trees.

10. By the 14th century (1301-1400), plants and animals were shuffled across the Atlantic from the old world to the new world. • Wheat and cereals from the Old were added on to maize, tomatoes and potatoes. • At about this time the concept of agribusiness was introduced resulting from large scale cultivation of commodities like linen and silk for export.

11. Modern Agriculture • Started 1950s • Rapid rise in mechanization • High quality & quantity • Scientific research • Technology

12. Utilisation of human labour, animals, mechanical, informations and biotechnology. • agriculture started with human labour (first confined to family members and later extended to hired hands), with heavy duties performed by animals. • Tools and machinery invented decreased burden and increased efficiency.

13. Information technology • Innovative technologies such as remote sensing and precision farming help increased yields and varieties. • Genetic engineering

14. Utilisation of human labour, animals, mechanical, information and biotechnology. • Modern Agriculture systems developed with two goals: • 1. To obtain highest yields possible • 2. To get the highest economic profit possible.

15. VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS IN TRADITIONAL & MODERN AGRICULTURE

16. VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS IN TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE • Still practicing in 3rd world countries such as in Africa, Asia and Latin America • In Europe and North America practially become non-existence • Characters: 1. Agroecosystem fully utilised. Inputs are acquired in production and processing, and wastes are recycled. 2. The food production is more akin to an art and craft. Knowledge and skills are handed orally from one generation to the next. 3. Food is a question of survival for the community.

17. Land preparation and utilisation is through gentle use of human labour and animal as land is considered a living entity. No machinery is allowed. • Labouris intensive and control of pests and diseases is by cultural means. • Natural resources such as rain and natural enemies of pests are fully capitalised. • Organic fertilizers, land fallowing and plant-microb symbiosis play important roles in providing nutrients. • Use native varieties related to natural spirit residing in the plants.

19. VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE • biological science • related sciences: chemistry (fertilizers & pesticides), physics (remote sensing), medicine and pharmacy (bioteknologi), engineering (mechanisation), ICT (transfer of agricultural technology) and economics (efficient farm management) • However modern agriculture is blamed for the disturbance in the local ecosystems relating to excessive use of chemicals.

20. Characteristics: • Intensive and mass production as requisites of agribusiness. • Extensive use of machinery and electronics • Extensive use of chemicals • Widespread use of clones, hybrids and selected high yielding varieties. • Employment of highly knowledgeable and skilled workers. • Industrial approach with monocultural system and highly efficient management. • No attention given to tradition and taboos by professionals who manage the system

21. 2.6 Sumbangan Agama dalam pertanian • Dalam Al-Quran: • Surah An Nahl (lebah) importance of bees . • Surah Al Baqarah, ayat 22.: God creates rain for plants to live- produce fruits for mankind • SurahYaasin, ayat 33-36. • SurahLuqman, ayat 10.: animals and plants

22. Surah An Nahl (lebah) • Ayat 10: Dialah yang menurunkanhujandarilangit; sebahagiandaripadanyauntukminumankamudansebahagianlagimenyebabkantumbuhnyapokokuntukkamumelepaskanbinatangternakan; makanpadanya. • Ayat 68 & 69: Dan Tuhanmumemberiilhamkepadalebah: Hendaklahengkaumembuatsarangmudigunung, danjugapokokkayu, danjugadibangunan yang didiriolehmanusia. “Kemudianmakanlahdarisegalajenisbungadanbuahan, sertaturutlahjalanperaturanTuhanmu yang diilhamkandandimudahkankepadamu”. (Denganituakankeluarlandaribadanyamadu yang berlainanwarna, yang mengandungipenawarbagimanusia (dariberbagaipenyakit)

23. SurahYaasin, ayat34-35. • Dan Kamijadikandibumiitukebuntamar and anggur, danKamipancarkanpadanyabeberapamata air, Supayamerekamakandaribuah-buahannyadandariapa yang dikerjakanolehtanganmereka; makapatukahmerekatidakbersyukur?

24. 2.6 Sumbangan Agama dalam pertanian • Pertanian: Fardhu Kifayah • Mesti ada individu yang menjalankan aktiviti pertanian sebagai satu kerjaya dalam satu komuniti. • Hukum syarak dalam Islam: • Wajib zakat • Hak pegangan tanah • Amalan-amala pertanian yang sah. • Pertanian adalah satu IBADAH.

25. Agama Kristian: • Tuhan mencipta dunia maka kegiatan pertanian tidak sepatutnya merosakkan alam sekitar. • Christian stewardship model (Genesis II; Luke 12; 16). The Christian steward of nature first recognizes the nature, like everything else in heaven and earth, was created by God, belongs to God, and is valued by God for itself. • Hindu caste system: • The vaishas are Aryans who tended cattle.

26. Budayadalampertanian: • Jampi serapah sebelum membuka tanah atau menanam. • Semangat gotong-royong pada musim menuai. • Dapatkan dukun hujan dll.

27. 2.7 Pengaruh pertanian dalam kualiti kehidupan. • Generasi lama – pertanianaktivitisarahidup. • Generasibaru – pertaniansebagaiperniagaan. SambutandanPerayaan: Penggunaan/permintaanhasilpertanian: Hari Raya & bulanpuasa: Daging (lembudanayam), telur, gula, tepungdll Thaipusam: Kelapa TahunBaruCina: Limau Mandarin Valentine: bunga (rose) Thanksgiving: Turkey

28. INTRO FACTORS LED TO GR WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT GR CHARACTERISTICS OF GR HYV USAGE OF CHEMICALS AND BIOAGENTS PRECISION AGRICULTURE INNOVATION IN MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURE ENACTMENT AND SCHEME THE GREEN REVOLUTION

29. The Green Revolution is a term used to describe a period from around 1960 to 1990 when there was a tremendous boom in agricultural productivity in the developing world. • During these decades, in many regions of the world, especially in Asia and Latin America, the yield of the major cereal crops (rice, wheat and maize) more than doubled. There were significant increases for other crops, too.

30. led by Norman Borlaug, the "Father of the Green Revolution" credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers.

31. Factors led to GR • Increase in world population (geometric growth). In 1900 projected world population =6 bill in 21st century (7bill now) • Agricultural growth linearly • Mostly subsistent agriculture • Agricultural production using then resources and technology will be able to feed the growing population. • Increasing fear of world famine • Transformation needed.

32. What brought about revolution? governments in both developed and developing countries invested heavily in agricultural research. Modern science was put to use to find ways of producing more food and this revolutionized the way agriculture was done.  Intensive breeding and selection led to the development of high-yielding varieties of crops and more productive breeds of livestock. There were also breakthroughs in the development of agro-chemicals, like pesticides and fertilizers.  bring the revolution directly to farmers’ fields, governments supported producers with encouragements to use these new farming techniques and technologies. 

33. Promise of Green Revolution • Eliminate hunger • Increase global carrying capacity • Increase yields • Increase technological knowledge • Get the materials to rural farmers

34. CHARACTERISTICS THE GREEN REVOLUTION. 1.High Yielding and Disease Resistant Varieties a) New crop cultivars. i)Tissue culture(growth hormone + nutrient) -This technique involves breeding without seed to produce exact copies in large numbers (eg: leaf,shoot) -orchid ,tongkatali, pineapple

35. Advantages of tissue cultured crops: • Pest and disease free seedlings. • Uniform growth, increases yield. • Early maturity of crop • Round the year planting • No staggered harvesting. • New varieties can be introduced and multiplied in a short duration.

37. ii) Genetic engineering. • involvesmanipulating genes to produce new breeds. • For example, a new breed of papaya resistant to Ring Spot virus and maize that can kill stem borers (Bt corn) • EAT = pores in pest • digestive system

38. 2) Usage of Chemicals and Bioagents • improve yield and quality • Biocontrol (Parasitic insects and predators)

39. 3.Precision Agriculture • an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. • new technologies, such as global positioning (GPS), sensors, satellites or aerial images, and information management tools (GIS) to assess and understand variations.

40. 4.Innovations In Mechanisation and Automation • They save energy and time while producing quality products -irrigation, fertigation and controlled environment systems.

41. Ability to farm much larger acreages • Less field variability • Fewer people involved in production • Higher total output

42. 5. Agricultural Biotechnology • advanced processing methods and genetically modified organisms to improve yield and quality. • Examples can be seen in the production of high yielding clones, fast and frozen foods, dehydrated fruits, nutriceuticals, antioxidants, vitamins, cosmetics and enzymes.

43. 6. Agricultural Enactments and Schemes • Encourages good practices to ensure competitiveness in the global market. • Examples: • Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) • Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), • Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) • Malaysian Good Farm Practice Scheme (SALM).

44. Initially, the revolution was seen as a tremendous success. As populations grew and demand for food increased, so did the food supply. Food prices remained stable. • But since the 1990s we have become aware that the Green Revolution’s surge in productivity came with a heavy price.

45. COSTS OF GREEN REVOLUTION • we’ve lost a lot of our agricultural biodiversity. When farmers opted to plant new improved crop varieties and raise new breeds of livestock, many traditional, local varieties were abandoned and became extinct. • the widespread use of pesticides and other agro-chemicals has caused severe environmental degradation and endangered public health.   • required substantial irrigation. This has put a real strain on the world’s water resources • despite higher agricultural productivity, hunger still persists. To take advantage of Green Revolution breakthroughs, farmers needed to have some money and access to resources like land and water. Poor farmers who didn’t have either were left out of the Green Revolution. In fact, many even became poorer.

46. NEW REVOLUTION • But the Green Revolution showed us it’s not enough to focus only on productivity. To end hunger once and for all, we must make food production sustainable. This means making sure no one is excluded from the table and that future generations will not be at risk of going hungry. 

47. A sustainable revolution • Sustainable development is now widely accepted as an imperative for continued prosperity in the region. • It implies making strenuous efforts to meet the needs of a third of the world’s population without reducing the options that the next generation will have for meeting its own needs. • In agriculture, this has meant safeguarding national food security and improving the quality of life of people who depend on farming for a living, while ensuring that the natural resource base is not further depleted or degraded but is regenerated instead.

48. THANK YOU