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URINALYSIS Finding the Clues Hidden in Urine

URINALYSIS Finding the Clues Hidden in Urine. What is a Urinalysis?. Urinalysis : A test that determines the content of the urine. Because urine removes toxins and excess liquids from the body, its contents can provide vital health information.

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URINALYSIS Finding the Clues Hidden in Urine

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  1. URINALYSISFinding the Clues Hidden in Urine

  2. What is a Urinalysis? • Urinalysis: A test that determines the content of the urine. • Because urine removes toxins and excess liquids from the body, its contents can provide vital health information. • Urinalysis can be used to detect some types of disease, particularly in the case of metabolic disorders and kidney disease. • Urinalysis can also be used to uncover evidence of drug abuse.

  3. Kidney Function • The role of the kidneys is to maintain homeostasis by controlling the chemical composition of the blood. The kidneys do this by: • Removing waste products from the blood • Leaving nutrients such as proteins and glucose in the blood • Maintaining the acid-base balance • Regulating water and electrolyte balance

  4. Proper Kidney Function • Therefore, if the kidneys are functioning properly and person is in good over-all health, urine will be normal. • If urine shows abnormalities, this can indicate problem with kidneys. The following conditions can cause kidney problems: • Congestive heart failure • Injury to glomerulus or tubules from drugs, heavy metals, and viral infections. • Diabetes, hypertension, and kidney stones

  5. Urinalysis Basics • Urinalysis consists of the following components: • Macroscopic Examination • Chemical Analysis • Microscopic Examination

  6. Macroscopic Examination • Looking at the physical properties of the urine: • Color: • Normal urine should be a shade of yellow ranging from a straw to amber color. • Abnormal urine can be: colorless, dark yellow, orange, pink, red, green, brown, or black. • Clarity (transparency): • Normal urine should be clear • Abnormal urine can be: hazy, cloudy, or turbid

  7. Chemical Analysis • The chemical properties of urine, including pH, specific gravity, protein content, glucose content, ketone content, are tested. • Urine test strips are often used to detect the chemical properties of urine.

  8. Parts of Chemical Analysis • pH • Test measures if urine is acidic, basic or neutral • Normal urine ranges from 4.6 to 8.0 • Specific Gravity: • Test measures the concentration of particles in the urine and evaluates the body’s water balance. • The more concentrated the urine, the higher the urine specific gravity. • The most common increase in urine specific gravity is the result of dehydration. • Normal urine ranges between 1.002 to 1.028

  9. Parts of Chemical Analysis • Ketones: • Test measures the presence or absence of ketones, the endpoint of rapid or excessive fat breakdown, in the urine. • Normal urine does not contain ketones • Protein: • Normal urine levels of proteins (called albumin) are very small, usually approximately 0 to 8 mg/dl.

  10. Parts of Chemical Analysis • Glucose: • The test measures the amount of sugar in a urine sample. • Normal urine does not contain glucose.

  11. Microscopic Examination • A variety of normal and abnormal cellular elements may be seen in urine when looked at under a microscope, including: • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Epithelial cells • Crystals • Bacteria

  12. Microscopic Examination • Red blood cells are not found in normal urine. • White blood cells and bacteria, signs of infections, are not found in normal urine. • Epithelial cells are found in urine as they are the cells that line the urinary tract • Common crystals seen even in healthy patients include calcium oxalate, triple phosphate crystals and amorphous phosphates. • A large number of crystals, or certain types of crystals, may mean kidney stones are present or there is a problem with how the body is using food

  13. Resources: • Urinalysis: Part 1. 2006 The University of Iowa (accessed 17 Aug 2007) Available from: http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/cme/clia/modules.asp?testID=19 • http://www.utmem.edu/nephrology/documents/powerpoint-urinalysis-files/frame.htm • http://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_overview.htm • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003583.htm • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003587.htm • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003580.htm • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003581.htm • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm

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