Launching the New Ship of State

1. Launching the New Ship of State

2. Growing Pains • Population doubling every 20 years; almost 4 million people • 90% rural • Vermont becomes a state, followed by KY, TN, OH • Rough pioneers were looked down upon by other countries. • New Constitution had been formed that left much to be desired • America was in heavy debt

3. Washington for president • Unanimously drafted by the Electoral College in 1789; took the oath of office on April 30, 1789.

4. The Cumbersome cabinet Sec. of Treasury Hamilton Sec of State Jefferson Sec of War Henry Knox

5. The bill of rights • Antifederalists had insisted upon a Bill of Rights to the Constitution upon ratification. • Proposed in two ways: • Constitutional convention requested by two-thirds of the states • Two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress • James Madison drafts them himself • Adopted in 1791

6. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Judiciary Act of 1789—organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates as well as federal district and circuit courts and an attorney general. • John Jay became the first chief justice.

7. Hamilton revives the corpse of public credit • Favor wealthier groups • In turn, they would lend the government monetary and political support. • Early form of the “trickle down” economics • Objectives • Bolster national credit by urging Congress to fund at par (pay off debts at face value, plus interest--$54 million)

8. Assume the debts of all states (totaling $21.5 million)—assumption • Chain states more tightly to the federal government • Bargain with VA for capitol on the Potomac helped to carry the bill through Congress.

9. Custom duties and excise taxes • National debt=$75 million • National debt was a national blessing—a Union adhesive. • Where would the money come from to pay this massive debt? • THE ANSWER IS AS CERTAIN AS DEATH AND….TAXES.

10. Tariffs and Excise taxes • Imposed a low tariff of 8% on dutiable imports • Intended to protect infant industries • Raise revenue • 1791—secured an excise tax on a few domestic items (whiskey) • 7 cents a gallon • Burden for backcountry farmers

11. Hamilton vs. jefferson • Proposed a private bank for the US government to be the primary shareholder and deposit its money • Bank would print money • WAS IT CONSTITUTIONAL? • Jefferson—NO • States had the power to charter banks not Congress • Amendment X • Hamilton—YES • “necessary and proper” clause

12. Primary source docs • After reading the excerpts provided, compare/contrast the Federalists and Republicans, especially their views on democracy, government power, the economy, and foreign affairs. Use the documents to support your answers.

13. The bank of the united states • Created in 1791 • Chartered for 20 years • Opposition from the South • Supported in the North • Stock was open for public sale, although the federal government owned 1/5 of it.

14. Mutinous moonshiners • Whiskey Rebellion—1794—PA • Burden on a medium of exchange and economic necessity • Corn crops and rye made into liquor were more cheaply transported • “Liberty and No Excise” • Washington summons the militia (13,000) • Found no insurrection upon arriving in PA • Three rebels were killed • CONSEQUENCES • “I won’t back down!” said Washington • Critics—”used a sledge hammer to crush a gnat.”

15. The emergence of political parties • Hamilton’s policies, although successful, encroached on states’ rights. Ca. 1792 Federalists Democratic Republicans Ca 1816 Death of Federalists Ca 1820 • National Republicans Democratic-Republicans • Whigs (JacksonianDemocrats) 1854 Republicans Democrats Republicans One Party: Era of Good Feelings

16. The Impact of the french revolution • Two major parties had formed by 1793--Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and the Hamiltonian Federalists. • Only a few ultraconservative Federalists were upset at this “mobocracy” and revolt. • When the French declared war on Austria, then threw back theAustrian armies and then proclaimed itself a republic, Americans sang “The Marseillaise” and other French revolutionary songs, and renamed various streets and places.

17. Opinion turns • After the revolution turned radical and bloody, the Federalistsrapidly changed opinions and looked nervously at the Jeffersonians, who felt that no revolution could be carried out without a little bloodshed. • Still, neither group completely approved of the French Revolution and its antics. • America was sucked into the revolution when France declared war on Great Britain and the battle for North American land began…again.

18. Washington declares neutrality • JDRs wanted to support France • Hamiltonians wanted to support Britain • In 1793, he issued the Neutrality Proclamation, proclaiming theU.S.’s official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of theissue and be impartial. • Citizen Edmond Genêt (The Situation with France) • he equipped privateers to plunder British ships and to invade Spanish Florida and British Canada. • He even went as far as to threaten to appeal over the head ofWashington to the sovereign voters. Afterwards, he was basically kickedout of the U.S.

19. Embroilments with britain---again. • Britain maintained forts in the northern frontier and sold arms to the Miami Confederacy • Treaty of Greenville—1795—the confederacy gave up vast tracts of the Old Northwest in exchange for $20,000 and an annual annuity of $9,000, the right to hunt and sovereign status. • West Indies—Britain seized American ships and impressed soldiers

20. Jay’s treaty • 1794—Britain agreed to: • Give up the forts • Pay for the recent seizures • The US had to pay the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts • CONSEQUENCES • Spain moves to strike a deal with the US • Pinckney’s Treaty—granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi, warehouse rights in New Orleans, and disputed territory in Western Florida (p 175)

21. Washington’s farewell Address • Established the precedent of a two-term limit • Advised • Avoidance of “permanent alliances” • Favored temporary alliances

22. John Adams becomes President • Federalists—John Adams • JDRs—Thomas Jefferson • Issues of the campaign • Personalities • JDRs focused on the Whiskey Rebellion and Jay’s Treaty • Adams received 71 electoral votes to Jefferson’s 68. • Jefferson becomes the VP (12th amendment later removes this system)

23. Unofficial war with france • French considered Jay’s Treaty an alliance with Britain • Violated the Franco-American Alliance • XYZ Affair • Adams sent three envoys to meet with Talleyrand • They were approached by three go-betweens • Demanded an unneutralloan of $32 million florins and a bribe of $250,000 for talking with Talleyrand • America prepares for war.

24. Patriotism above Party • Adams realizes that war must be avoided despite the unpopular decision • 1799—submitted the name of a new minister to France • Hamiltonians were enraged • Convention of 1800 • France agreed to annul the 22 year old marriage of inconvenience (Franco-American alliance) • US agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers

25. The Federalist Witch Hunt • Federalists wanted to silence the JDRs. • Passed a measure that requires 14 years of residency to become a citizen (5 years was the requirement) • Alien Laws • Sedition Act—anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials, would be liable to a fine and/or imprisonment

26. KY and VA resolutions • Jefferson and Madison stressed the compact theory • The 13 sovereign states had entered into a compact with the federal government • Jefferson and Madison argued that the federal government had indeed overstepped its authority and nullification was the remedy.