Launching the new ship of state

1. Launching the new ship of state Chapter 10

2. EQ: what difficulties did the new government face? What were its achievements?

3. Washington is President!!! • Elected by Electoral College 1789 • Established the cabinet • Sec. of State: Thomas Jefferson • Sec. of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton • Sec. of War: Henry Knox

4. The Washington Administration • Washington is elected unanimously by the electoral college in 1789 • $25,000 per year…big bucks! • Serves 2 terms (1789-97) • Appoints Jefferson and Hamilton to his cabinet • Draws lines for two political parties • Immediately move to ally with France • Citizen Genet affair • Work to reduce national debt from the war • Works to establish a national capital • Appoints Benjamin Banneker to survey the city • Washington D.C. is born

5. The Washington Administration • Deals with domestic unrest orderly • Whiskey rebellion • Works to deal with the British encroachment • Neutrality in foregoing affairs • Refuses a third term • No limits until 22ndAmendment • Retires in 1797 • Returns to Mt. Vernon and farming • Serves as an advisor to the new federal military under President Adams

6. Judiciary Act (1789) • Created the Supreme Court, Federal District and Circuit Courts and established an attorney general • Supreme Court: could hear appeals from the federal district , state courts and circuit courts. • Federal District: jurisdiction over minor criminal cases, admiralty and maritime cases, and civil actions on federal matters. • Circuit Court : trial court jurisdiction over serious criminal cases and three categories of civil cases: cases where the United States was a plaintiff; cases where at least one of the parties was alien to the United States; and cases between parties of different states if the amount at issue exceeded $500. • 1st chief justice: John Jay • The number of justices has changed over time

7. The Bill of Rights • Thank you James Madison! • Ideological differences between Federalists and Anti-federalist threaten to derail ratification of the Constitution • Madison offers a compromise • Writings of Jon Locke • Virginia Bill of Rights • English Bill of Rights • Establishes inalienable rights for individuals not spelled out in the Constitution itself “I believe that the great mass of the people who opposed [the Constitution], disliked it because it did not contain effectual provision against encroachments on particular rights”

8. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Hamilton’s economic plan • Federal Government should take an active role in the development of the economy • Total debt: 54 million; Hamilton believes debt is good • Federal government would assume debts of states from the war (21.5 million) • Develop a system of repayment (face value plus interest) • Develop a system of excise tax to fund and repay debt (taxed whiskey) • Tariff to pay interest on debt: 8% on imports • Instrumental in the establishment of the Federal Bank in 1791 : print $ and would hold gov’t deposits • Plan favors the wealthy, he thought they would then be willing to lend $ to the gov’t Father of the National Debt Small debt state of VA plays lets make a deal: agree if capital is placed on the Potomac River

9. Hamilton Economics Opposed • Federal bank located in Philadelphia; given 20 year charter • Sets the stage for differing views on the interpretation of the Constitution • Jefferson favors strict construction: interpret Constitution literally (thought states had the right to manage $-states bank is unconstitutional) • Hamilton favors loose construction: broad interpretation of implied and necessary powers • Jefferson resigns his post as secretary of state

10. Whiskey Rebellion • PA 1794 • Distillers oppose the 1791 excise tax • Tar and feather revenue collectors • Washington sends in federal troops (13,000) • 3 “rebels” killed • Sends message that the gov’t will enforce the law

11. Two Parties Emerge • Two clear political parties had emerged from the Federalist/Anti-federalist debates • Alexander Hamilton– Federalist • Supports French Revolution at first; oppose involvement in war (1789-99) • Want economic trade with Britain; strong central gov’t; support private enterprise • Thomas Jefferson – Jeffersonian Republicans • Wants to fight British for France and in defense of American liberties; support’s states rights • British funding Miami Confederacy who terrorize Americans (U.S. defeats them in Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794) • Following victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, the Miami Indians surrendered their claims to Indiana and Ohio • Washington- Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 • Citizen Genet Affair- wants U.S. to join war against Britain in 1793; outfitting French warships in U.S.

12. Treaties • Jay’s Treaty 1794 • British promise to evacuate posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized ships; U.S. needs to pay debts owned pre-Revolution • Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 • Spain grants U.S. free navigation of Miss. R.

13. Election of 1796 • John Adams (VP to Washington) – Federalist • Thomas Jefferson – Jeffersonian Republicans • Adams wins the electoral vote and the presidency while Jefferson becomes VP Pres. & VP from two different political parties?

14. Adams Administration • Adams lacks the political savvy of Washington • France becomes a threat • XYZ Affair • U.S. sends reps to France to negotiate peace with France • French agents demand a bribe for audience with the Prime minister • Outrages the U.S. • Leads to undeclared naval war with France • Quasi War: 2 ½ years most in West Indies • Establishment of formal U.S. Navy and reestablishment of U.S. Marine Corp

15. France makes Peace • Convention of 1800 • Ends Quasi War • Frees U.S. of prior alliance with France • Signed by John Jay and Napoleon Bonaparte “Little Corporal”

16. Adams Administration • Alien and Sedition Acts • 1st abuse of the federal constitutional power • Sedition Acts • Illegal to falsely defame gov’t officials • Illegal to criticize the government • Alien Acts (Laws) • Residence requirements 5 yrs raised to 14 yrs • Arrest/deport alien and citizen peoples deemed a threat to the U.S. during a time of war