CHAPTER 10: LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE

1. CHAPTER 10: LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE • Constructed by Mr. Freccia & Ms. Silivongxay

2. DIRECTIONS Take Cornell notes. Make 15 questions over notes. Remember to condense information down otherwise you will not be able to keep up. Make sure you take notes over the embedded videos. Don’t forget to do the summary at the end of your notes. Make sure you read the full notes for chapter 10.Turn this end tomorrow!

3. GROWING PAINS After 12 years of government-disabling, now America had to begin nation-building. During the Revolutionary time period though, a strong distrust of government had been instilled in people. The U.S. financial situation was grim. Revenue was very small yet the debt was mounting due to interest. Hard (metal) money was scarce and the paper money was worthless. The financial situation was the number 1 problem the new nation faced. Still, America was trying to create a democracy on a scale never been done before and make it fly.

4. GROWING PAIN CONTINUES The U.S. Constitution went into effect in 1789. The population was doubling every 20 years. The largest cities in the 1790 census (in order) were Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore. 90% of the people were rural. 5% lived west of the Appalachian Mountains. These folks lived mostly in Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio which soon became new states. New Hampshire had already become state number 14.

5. WHY BILL OF RIGHTS? • All thirteen states had to ratify the Constitution • Nine states needed to “reset” the country, canceling out the Articles of Confederation • Conservative document that prevented the “mob” from controlling government • Was a surprise to the public

6. ANTI-FEDERALISTS VS. FEDERALISTS Anti-Federalists • States’ rights • Backcountry dwellers • Small farmers • Debtors • S. Adams, P. Henry, Richard Henry Lee Federalists Strong federal gov. Seaboard dwellers Wealthy and better educated Controlled the press (The Federalist Papers) G. Washington, B. Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, John Jay

8. ELECTION OF 1789 • Electors cast two votes for President • Each elector selected Washington w/ at least one • NC and RI hadn’t ratified the Constitution • NY had problems deciding how electors would be chosen

9. Executive Branch (1789-1796) • Cabinet not outlined in the Constitution – a “Washington Invention” • John Jay named 1st Chief Justice of the five member Supreme Court • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwW8BD3nP44&feature=related

10. CONGRESS AT WORK… • James Madison sought to protect the Constitution and win over “the anti-Feds” • What he develops becomes known as the Bill of Rights (he is the “father of”) • One of the first acts done by the new Federal Government • Judiciary Act (1789) organizes the Supreme Court

11. ALEXANDER HAMILTON • Not a “natural” citizen (born in the Caribbean) • Federalist / aide to Washington • Arch rival: Jefferson • “Father of the National Debt” • Assumption fight and compromise • Debt was a “national blessing” • Bank of the United States • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQVRUZFM8Iw&feature=related

12. NATIONAL DEBT STRUCTURE Debt owed to Foreigners $11,710,000 Federal Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Miscellaneous Revenue Customs Duties (tariffs) Excise Revenue (Whiskey, etc.)

13. WHISKEY REBELLION (1794) • PA farmers not happy with tariff • Launch an “insurrection” • Washington personally leads militia into PA to restore order (direct opposite of Shay’s Rebellion) • Represents peaceful dialogue over violence in order to change policy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RL1UE5nz-cs&feature=related

14. WHAT CAUSED PARTIES TO FORM? Foriegn Policy during the French Revolution!

15. POLITICAL RIVALRIES Democrat-Republicans • States rights (local) • Strict construction view • Agriculture based • Rule of the people • Backed France • Support in S and W • Jefferson and Madison key supporters Federalists Federal rights Loose construction view Industrial based Avoid “mob” rule / elites Backed England Support in NE J. Adams and Hamilton key supporters

16. WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS Beware of entangling alliances… …because they will get us involved in other people’s wars.

17. RATING THE PRESIDENTS • More notable American rather than President • Extremely popular at the time • Sets the bar for what a Pres. does • Foreign policy of neutrality • Prevents a “backslide” of revolutionary ideals

18. ELECTION OF 1796 • President and V.P. come from different parties for 1st time • MD split the vote between the two • Other candidates vote count not depicted

19. PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS • Jay’s Treaty with England angers D-R and France. • Adams not well liked and comes to power in a very close, bitter election • Stuck between neo-Federalists led by Hamilton (not pro-British enough) and Jefferson’s D-R (anti-British) • France reacts by seizing American vessels at sea (300 by 1797)

20. QUASI-WAR W/ FRANCE (1798-1800) • John Marshall is sent to France to negotiate w/ Talleyrand But before they meet... Y Z X

21. QUASI-WAR BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE LETTERS X, Y, AND Z • They ask for a $250,000 bribe just to talk to Talleyrand • Marshall refuses and returns to America • “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” • Adams avoids war by appealing to new French ruler Napoleon • Convention of 1800 = “divorce” w/ Fr. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afB5NJmER5M

22. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS • Federalists during war fervor pass laws to silence the opposition (D-R) • Alien Act • Naturalization from 5 to 14 yrs • President can jail or deport in time of war • Sedition Act • Impeding policies of the government = jail • Attacking officials in press = jail and fine • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9kCvBZGzXc&feature=related

23. VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS • It was a protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts of the Federalist • Jefferson writes for Kentucky • Madison writes for Virginia • Develops the idea of “nullification” • The States have the right to ignore laws that the Federal Government “oversteps it’s authority on” • Constitutional issues were later a right the Supreme Court “adopts” in 1803.

24. ELECTION OF 1800 By the election of 1800, there were clearly two separate political camps in the U.S. Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQVRUZFM8Iw&feature=related

25. FEDERALIST Federalists were supported by the upper classes. Generally speaking… They were led by Hamilton who envisioned an industrial America of big cities. They were from the wealthy classes, such as merchants, bankers, manufacturers. They often lived along the eastern seaboard—the older regions that were close to the coast and trade. They were pro-British (since that was good for trade). They liked a strong federal government, run by the educated elite. They distrusted the common person as uneducated and unable to run a nation. They felt democracy was one step shy of "mobocracy."

26. DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN The Democratic-Republicans (or just Republicans at this time) were supported by the poor and common classes. Generally speaking… They were led by Jefferson who envisioned an agricultural America of small towns. They felt that even an uneducated man can make common-sense decisions and thus run himself and his nation through voting. Republicans favored expanding the vote to more people (though it was still a very narrow group). They were mostly farmers and lived in the interior areas and along the frontier. They felt farming was good for the soul—it kept the farmer humble and close to God. They were pro-French (since France had helped the U.S. against England).

27. RATING THE PRESIDENTS • John Adams (Federalist): More notable American rather than President • Extremely disliked at the time / abrasive personality • Doesn’t get caught up in war fever and does what was best for the country • Splits his party and loses in close election to Jefferson (Republican)