Empowering Interns: A Positive Psychology Approach to Self-Advocacy

1. Empowering Interns:A Positive Psychology Approach to Self-Advocacy Jeffrey Volkmann Ph.D. The Catholic University of America

2. Why I am presenting on this topic • Personal philosophy • I think it is important • Experiences with interns • Interns who have struggled finding jobs • Work is more enjoyable for me when interns are happy • Often a lot of focus is placed on “growth areas” • Remediation Plans • The importance of a well rounded intern • Interns need to be able to effectively communicate their strengths

3. What is Positive Psychology • Positive Psychology: • Is the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive (Selgman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). • The field is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences of love, work, and play. • Popularity • 2000 and 2010 • Over 1000 research articles • Pop Culture • Time Magazine Cover • BBC Six part Series • Washington Post • US Military • Comprehensive fitness program

4. Clinical Popularity • Private Practice • Clients increasingly interested in a strengths based perspective • LGBTQ • Flourishing Group • Most Successful Group at the Counseling Center for the past 4 years

5. Flourishing • Flourishing, in positive psychology, refers to optimal human functioning. It comprises four parts: • Goodness • Generativity • Growth • Resilience (Fredrickson & Losada, 2005). • According to Fredrickson and Losada(2005), • Goodness is made up of: happiness, contentment, and effective performance • Generativityis about making life better for future generations, and is defined by “broadened thought-action repertoires and behavioral flexibility” • Growth involves the use of personal and social assets • Resilience reflects survival and growth after enduring a hardship • A flourishing life stems from mastering all four of these parts.

6. Why Flourish • Benefits from living a flourishing life emerge from research on the effects of experiencing a high ratio of positive to negative affect. • The studied benefits of positive affect are increased responsiveness, “broadened behavioral repertoires”, • Increased instinct, and increased perception and imagination (Fredrickson & Losada, 2005). • Improvements to immune system functioning, cardiovascular recovery, lessened effects of negative affect, and frontal brain asymmetry (Fredrickson & Losada, 2005). • Other benefits to those of moderate mental health or moderate levels of flourishing were: stronger psychological and social performance, high resiliency, greater cardiovascular health, and an overall healthier lifestyle (Keyes, 2007)

7. Core Virtues • Thought of as an alternative to the DSM (Peterson and Selgman, 2004) • The organization of the 6 virtues and 24 strengths is as follows: • Wisdom and Knowledge: • creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, perspective, innovation • Courage: • bravery, persistence, integrity, vitality • Humanity: • love, kindness, social intelligence • Justice: • citizenship, fairness, leadership • Temperance: • forgiveness and mercy, humility, prudence, self control • Transcendence: • appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality

9. Self-Advocacy • According to American Psychological Association (APA) advocacy is defined as the act of pleading or arguing in favor of something, such as a cause, idea, or policy; active support. • Disability Research • Self-advocacy is an individual’s ability to effectively communicate, convey, negotiate or assert his or her own interests, desires, needs, and rights.  It involves making informed decisions and taking responsibility for those decisions. (VanReusen et al., 1994) • Self-knowledge is the first step towards advocating for your rights.  You need to know your strengths, needs, and interests before you can begin to advocate. • Self-advocacy skills should be learned as early as possible. • There are many opportunities to practice self-advocacy regardless of your age or communication abilities.

10. The importance of Self-Advocacy • Internship • Working with clients • Working with supervisors • Working with liaison relationships • Outreach • Post-Internship • Job interviews • Negotiating salary • At the workplace • Life Satisfaction

11. What does Positive Psychology have to do with Self-Advocacy • A major component of self-advocacy is knowing ones strengths. • How well do you know your own strengths? • Short Exercise • Why have you advocated for yourself? • Did it help to know your strengths? • Personal Reflection • What do you like to hear when interns advocate to you? • Areas of weakness or areas of strength • Summer Group Therapy Example • Student Life Liaison Relationship

12. Internship Exercise I • Best Day Exercise • Tell me your best recent moment as a training director and your role in it • Cannot down play the event • Story must have a beginning and an end • Personal reflection • Professional Development Seminar • Best internship moment of the week • Best clinical moment of the week • What personal strengths facilitated these moments • Helping interns both see their strengths and get used to talking about them

13. Internship Exercise II • Savoring • Being aware of pleasures and purposefully paying attention to the experience of pleasure (Bryant & Veroff, 2007) • Four kinds of savoring • Basking (receiving congratulations or praise) • Thanksgiving (i.e expressing gratitude for positive experiences) • Marveling (i.e. getting caught up in the experience of wonder or awe) • Luxuriating (indulging the sense) • Techniques to improve Savoring • Share experience with others • Memory-building (Focus on senses or make mental note) • Self-congratulation • Sharpen your perceptions (Block out distractions/killjoy thinking • Kill-joy thinking (how something could have been better, not as good as someone else could do it) • Absorption (totally absorbed in event)

14. Internship Exercise III • Savoring Continued • Professional development seminar • Focusing on positive moments from the week • What just went well in a session? • What just went well during my outreach? • What did it feel like when it went well? • In the moment activities • Focus on the positive in between sessions • Reduce Kill-joy thinking • Tell people about it! • Focus on what you are doing well • Communicate with your fellow interns and staff members.

15. Cultural Considerations • It may be difficult for certain cultures to feel comfortable speaking about themselves in a positive manner • Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2002) findings: • People living in individualistic, rather than collectivist, societies are happier • Psychological attributes characterizing the self (e.g., self-esteem, self-consistency) are more relevant to the happiness of Western individualists than to the happiness of collectivists • The self-judgment of happiness is anchored on different types of cues and experiences across cultures

16. Cultural ConsiderationsContinued • Chang(2000) • Asian Americans and White Americans • Similar levels of optimism • Asian Americans tend to be more pessimistic than White Americans • No significant differences in depression rates • Pessimism is positively linked with problem solving for Asian Americans • Pessimism is negatively linked with problem solving for White Americans • What does this mean • Culture is going to impact the use of Positive Psychology with an intern cohort • It is important to be up front with interns about what you are doing and why you are doing it • Every intern will go at their own pace • Consider the unique cultural considerations that may be impacting an interns’ ability to speak about her/his self in positive terms

17. Exercise • Cultural Self-Study • Relation to positive psychology • Family of Origin • Who are your people • What is your family saga • Completing Demanding Journey • Fighting for country • Sacrificing • Worshiping in their own way • Enduring historical change or traumatic events • Family Strengths Exercise • Family Tree • Common strengths • Unique strengths

18. Conclusion • Why use positive psychology techniques • Learning to self-advocate is an important component of an intern’s development • Understanding and knowing one’s strengths can be an important tool when self-advocating • In my experience interns often struggle when asked to speak about their strengths • Adding positive psychology techniques to your internship program will generally be very rewarding and FUN!

19. Questions

20. References • Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2007). Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. • Chang EC ( 2000) Cultural influences on optimism and pessimism: Differences in western and eastern construals of the self. In: Chang EC (ed.) Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research and Practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 257-280. • Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive Affect and the Complex Dynamics of Human Flourishing. American Psychologist, 60(7), 678-686 • Keyes, C. L. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist • Seligman, M.E.P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. • Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective Well-Being Across Cultures. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 10(1) • Van Reusen, A.K., Bos, C.S., Schumaker, J.B., & Deshler, D.D. (1994). • The self-advocacy strategy. Lawrence, KS: Edge Enterprises.