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A Review of Photovoltaic Cells

A Review of Photovoltaic Cells. David Toub ECE423 12/16/06. Agenda. Introduction Functionality Semiconductor Properties VTC Efficiency and PV Design Auxiliary Design Applications Research Conclusions. Introduction. Clean Energy PV System Cells Energy storage Charge Controller

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A Review of Photovoltaic Cells

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  1. A Review of Photovoltaic Cells David ToubECE42312/16/06

  2. Agenda • Introduction • Functionality • Semiconductor Properties • VTC • Efficiency and PV Design • Auxiliary Design • Applications • Research • Conclusions

  3. Introduction • Clean Energy • PV System • Cells • Energy storage • Charge Controller • AC/DC converter • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

  4. Functionality • pn diode • No illumination • Diode behavior • e, h separated • Illumination • Incident photons create e-h pairs • E fielde-h pairs separate • Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06.

  5. Semiconductor • Absolute 0  Perfect insulator • Temp increases  conduction increases • External energy raises temperature • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

  6. VTC • Performance Limits • Pm = Vmax x Imax • Incorporate load • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

  7. Energy Conversion Efficiency • η=Pm/(E x Ac) • Primary Challenge • Incident photons • Ep<Ebg  Elost • Ep>Ebg  Ee- + Elost • Ep=Ebg  Ee- • Silicon tradeoff • High bg  loss • Low bg  E, V reduced • Optimal at bg=1.4eV

  8. Loss Tradeoffs • Cell Top • Must be transparent • Too thin  bad conduction • Cell Interior grid • Large grid helps e-’s • Large grid blocks photons

  9. Auxiliary Design • Heavy modules • structural stress • Wind tension • Pollution • Fan Example • Speed • Acceleration • Without illumination • E/V Ah

  10. Applications • Electric grid extensions not offered • Clean • Solar powered house • Water pumping systems • Garden lights • Automobiles • Source utility grid • Satellites, shuttles • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

  11. Research • Thin Film • Cheap • Increased unit loss • Multilayer Efficiency • Nanocrystalline • Thin film + mesoporous MO • Increased internal reflection • Great efficiency  expensive

  12. Conclusions • Environmentally benign • Inefficient  uncommon  Still fuel • Future  Efficiency increasing Cheaper

  13. References • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004 • F Lasnier. Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook TG Ang - 1990 - A. Hilger New York • “Two layer organic Photovoltaic Cell.” -- Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 183-185 Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Applied Physics Letters -- January 13, 1986 • Harmon, C. “Experience Curves of Photovoltaic Technology.” IIASA Publications. 2000. • “Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06. • Green, M. A. Solar cells: Operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 288 p. • Wohlre, Dieter. Meissner, Dieter. “Organic Solar Cells.” Advanced Materials. Volume 3, Issue 3 , Pages 129 – 138. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1991. • American Journal of Physics -- Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 286-287 American Association of Physics Teachers. March 1993 • O’Regan, B. & Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353, 737–740 (1991). • McCann,MichelleJ. Catchpole,KylieR. Weber, Klaus J. A review of thin film crystalline silicon for solar cell applications. Part 1 : native substrates. 2001 • Shah, A. Torres, P., Tscharner, R. Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells. Institute of Microtechnology (IMT), University of Neuchatel, Rue A. -L. Breguet 2, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. University of Applied Science, Avenue de l'Hotel-de-Ville 7, CH-2400 Le Locle, Switzerland

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