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Maliyet Teorisi

Maliyet Teorisi. Kısa Dönem Maliyetler. Üretimde kısa ve uzun dönemde değişmeler nasıl ortaya çıkar Üretimde değişir ve sabit faktörlerin maliyetleri Kısa Dönem Uzun Dönem Kısa Dönemde Üretim Azalan Verim Yasası

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Maliyet Teorisi

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  1. Maliyet Teorisi

  2. Kısa Dönem Maliyetler • Üretimde kısa ve uzun dönemde değişmeler nasıl ortaya çıkar • Üretimde değişir ve sabit faktörlerin maliyetleri • Kısa Dönem • Uzun Dönem • Kısa Dönemde Üretim • Azalan Verim Yasası • Üretim faktörlerinden bir tanesinin artırılabildiği kısa dönemde üretim kapasitesi sabittir. Faktörlerden yalnız birinin değiştirilebiliyor oluşu; bu dönemde azalan verimler yasasının gerektirdiği olgular ortaya çıkar.

  3. MALİYET TEORİSİ • Firmanın Üretim Maliyetleri • Maliyet Kavramları • Açık Maliyetler (explicit costs): • Satın alınan üretim faktörlerine yapılan harcamaların tutarı • Örtük/Zımni Maliyetler (implicit costs): - Firmanın kendi mülkiyetinde olması nedeniyle üretim esnasında bir bedel ödemeden sahip olduğu faktörlerin kiralandığı takdirde elde edilecek (kira,ücret v.b.) gelirler • Ekonomik Maliyet (Açık+Örtük Maliyetler) • (Firma Açısından) Kar Maksimizasyonu Hedefi: • Toplam hasılat toplam maliyet farkını olabildiğince açmak • Alternatif Maliyet (Fırsat Maliyetleri) • (Toplum Açısından) Kaynak Tahsisinin Etkinliği Hedefi: • Yalnız üretilen malın ekonomik maliyetini değil, bu faktörler başka bir malın üretiminde kullanılsaydı ne kadar üretim yapılabileceğinin değerlendirilmesini de içerir. • A malının üretilmesiyle ne kadarlık B malının üretiminden vazgeçtik? (Fırsat maliyeti/Harcanan Fırsatlar) Firma ekonomik maliyeti Toplum Alternatif maliyeti Hedefler • Maliyetler ve Girdiler (Costs and inputs) • Maliyetler ve Üretim Faktörlerinin Verimlilikleri • Maliyetler ve Üretim Faktörlerinin Fiyatları • Sabit ve DeğişkenMaliyetler (fixedandvariable cost )

  4. Ekonomik Kar Muhasebe Karı Zımni Maliyet GELİR GELİR Toplam Fırsat Maliyeti Açık Açık Maliyet Maliyet İktisatçı ve Muhasebeci Açısından Firmaya Bakış Birİktisatçının Firmaya Bakışı BirMuhasebecinin Firmaya Bakışı

  5. Kısa Dönem Maliyetler • Ortalama ve Marjinal Maliyetler • Marjinal Maliyet • Ortalama Maliyetler • Ortalama Sabit Maliyet (AFC) • Ortalama Değişir Maliyet (AVC) • Ortalama (toplam) Maliyet (AC) • ACveMC Arasındaki İlişki

  6. Short-run Costs • Total cost • total fixed cost (TFC)

  7. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

  8. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TFC

  9. Short-run Costs • Total cost • total fixed cost (TFC) • total variable cost (TVC)

  10. Short-run Costs • Total cost • total fixed cost (TFC) • total variable cost (TVC) • TVC and the law of diminishing returns

  11. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TFC

  12. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TVC (£) 0 10 16 21 28 40 60 91 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TFC

  13. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TVC (£) 0 10 16 21 28 40 60 91 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TVC TFC

  14. Diminishing marginal returns set in here Total costs for firm X TVC TFC

  15. Kısa Dönem Maliyetler • Toplam Maliyetler • Toplam Sabit Maliyet (TFC) • Toplam Değişir Maliyet (TVC) • Toplam Maliyet (TC = TFC + TVC)

  16. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TVC (£) 0 10 16 21 28 40 60 91 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TVC TFC

  17. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TVC (£) 0 10 16 21 28 40 60 91 TC (£) 12 22 28 33 40 52 72 103 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TVC TFC

  18. Total costs for firm X Output (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TVC (£) 0 10 16 21 28 40 60 91 TC (£) 12 22 28 33 40 52 72 103 TFC (£) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 TC TVC TFC

  19. Diminishing marginal returns set in here Total costs for firm X TC TVC TFC

  20. Average and marginal costs MC x Costs (£) Output (Q)

  21. Short-run Costs • Average and marginal cost • marginal cost • marginal cost (MC) and the law of diminishing returns

  22. Average and marginal costs MC Diminishing marginal returns set in here x Costs (£) Output (Q)

  23. Ortalama ve Marjinal Maliyetler MC AC AVC z y x AFC Costs (£) Output (Q)

  24. Ortalama ve Marjinal Maliyetler Arasındaki İlişki MC AC z Costs (£) Minimum Output (Q)

  25. Fiziki Ürün MC AP=q/x Değişir Faktör Miktar (L) MP=∆q/∆x Maliyetler AC=TC/q Üretim Miktarı III II I

  26. Long-run Costs • Production in the long run • meaning of the 'long run' • returns to scale • constant returns to scale • increasing returns to scale • decreasing returns to scale

  27. Short-run and long-run increases in output

  28. Short-run and long-run increases in output

  29. Short-run and long-run increases in output

  30. Short-run and long-run increases in output

  31. Long-run Costs • Production in the long run (cont.) • economies of scale • specialisation and the division of labour • indivisibilities • container principle • greater efficiency of large machines • by-products • multi-stage production • spreading overheads • financial economies • economies of scope • diseconomies of scale • external economies of scale • external diseconomies of scale

  32. Long-run Costs • Long-run average costs • assumptions behind the curve • factor prices are give • state of technology and factor quality are given • firms choose least-cost combination of factors • shape of the LRAC curve

  33. Alternative long-run average cost curves LRAC Economies of Scale Costs O Output

  34. Alternative long-run average cost curves LRAC Diseconomies of Scale Costs O Output

  35. Alternative long-run average cost curves LRAC Constant costs Costs O Output

  36. Long-run Costs • Long-run average costs • assumptions behind the curve • factor prices are give • state of technology and factor quality are given • firms choose least-cost combination of factors • shape of the LRAC curve • a typical LRAC curve

  37. A typical long-run average cost curve LRAC Costs O Output

  38. A typical long-run average cost curve LRAC Economies of scale Constant costs Diseconomies of scale Costs O Output

  39. Long-run Costs • Long-run average costs • assumptions behind the curve • factor prices are give • state of technology and factor quality are given • firms choose least-cost combination of factors • shape of the LRAC curve • a typical LRAC curve • long-run average and marginal cost curves

  40. Long-run average and marginal costs LRMC Economies of Scale Costs LRAC O Output

  41. Long-run average and marginal costs LRMC LRAC Diseconomies of Scale Costs O Output

  42. Long-run average and marginal costs Constant costs Costs LRAC = LRMC O Output

  43. Long-run average and marginal costs LRMC Initial economies of scale, then diseconomies of scale LRAC Costs O Output

  44. Long-run Costs • Long-run average costs • assumptions behind the curve • factor prices are give • state of technology and factor quality are given • firms choose least-cost combination of factors • shape of the LRAC curve • a typical LRAC curve • long-run average and marginal cost curves • Relationship between long-run and short-run average costs

  45. Long-run Costs • Long-run average costs • assumptions behind the curve • factor prices are give • state of technology and factor quality are given • firms choose least-cost combination of factors • shape of the LRAC curve • a typical LRAC curve • long-run average and marginal cost curves • Relationship between long-run and short-run average costs • the envelope curve

  46. Deriving long-run average cost curves: factories of fixed size SRAC5 SRAC1 SRAC2 SRAC4 SRAC3 5 factories 4 factories 1 factory Costs 2 factories 3 factories O Output

  47. Deriving long-run average cost curves: factories of fixed size SRAC5 SRAC1 SRAC2 SRAC4 SRAC3 LRAC Costs O Output

  48. Deriving a long-run average cost curve: choice of factory size Costs Examples of short-run average cost curves O Output

  49. Deriving a long-run average cost curve: choice of factory size LRAC Costs III II I O Output

  50. Long-run Costs • Long-run average cost curves in practice • the evidence • minimum efficient plant size • Decision making in different time periods • very short run • short run • long run • very long run

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