Tuesday 10

1. Tuesday 10

2. Puritans and Native Americans

4. Moving South Again

5. Chesapeake • Compared to New England the Chesapeake was a dispersed community • Based on a hierarchical system • Rich land owners • Indented servants • Slaves. • Region been developed on the back of Tobacco • Vast profits over a period of 11 years from 1618 • 1629 the bottom dropped out of the market

6. Drop in profits led to a situation whereby • Indentured servants • have no or little money or opportunities to set themselves up as plantation owners • Plantation owners able to survive through • Expanding length of indenture • Increasing punishments for infractions of contract • Renting land, • Selling other crops • From money earned from positions in the local government.

7. Wealthy landowners also closed up • people forced to either • work as poorly paid and abused servants or • to flee from the local area into the ever expanding backcountry

8. Into this problematic situation stepped Nathanial Bacon

9. Bacon • 29 year old Cambridge graduate • wealthy English Family • related by marriage to the governor of Virginia Sir William Berkley. • Bacon was given a land grant and also a seat on the council.

10. Many people outside the wealthy looking for scapegoats for their situation • July 1675 a group was found. • Group of Doeg Indians raided plantation on the outskirts of colony • Plantation of Thomas Mathews • Not a random attack by “wild Indians” • Attempt to get paid for goods that Mathews had obtained from the tribe.

11. Several Indians killed • herdsman of Mathews plantation killed • Local colonists went after Doeg Indians • Killed ten or more • also killed a number of Susquehannocks • at peace with and regularly traded with the English. • Governor Berkeley stepped in

12. Attempted to restore order • Ordered investigation • set up meeting between English and Susquehannocks • During meeting local militia killed the chiefs sent to negotiate. • Susquehannocks went on a series of retaliatory attacks • Bacon’s overseer was killed.

13. Berkeley planned a series of forts to protect the outlying communities. • paid for out of taxes • Outlying planters • Financially strapped by low Tobacco prices • preferred the cheaper option • Outright war to kill all Indians and seize their lands.

14. Elected Bacon as their leader • April 1676 • Led 300 men on an all out attack on the local Indian population • Found only friendly Indians but killed them anyway

15. Bacon’s popularity high • Legislature passed legislation that • allowed for any Indians to be termed enemies if they left their village without permission from the English • this would then allow their lands and property to be taken. • How would you react if 1000 angry men came charging towards your village?

16. Rich landowners planned to expand wealth • Governor realized policy not working • ordered the end of hostilities • Bacon returned at the head of his army and rode into Jamestown. • Chased the governor away • Burnt the capital building • offered freedom to any of Berkeley’s supporters, servants or slaves who joined him

17. Bacon and rebellion was at the height of power • Bacon died • possibly of dysentery • Rebellion was over. • Berkeley regained control • punished Bacon’s supporters severely

18. Aftermath • English government sent to troops to quell uprising • Virginia at peace long before they arrived. • Authorities recalled Berkeley • New governor implemented some reforms, but also hit rebels hard • executing leaders • imprisoning others • sending message that rebellion was never justified, no matter what the provocation. • long term effect Indian frontier again pushed back.

19. Possible Explanations • Instability on frontier, mixing of freed servants, blacks, Indians; taxes high, discontent over spending priorities, so rebellion a symbol of class conflict • lower death rates and immigration of royalists meant social mobility falling, est of First Families of Va – even Bacon excluded • Bacon as popular democratic hero, struggling vs tyranny – failure leads to ‘end of American Independence’

20. King Philip’s War New England • Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s. • Treaties with Indians not kept • Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags, • Specific grievances • loss of tribal lands • effect of alcohol and guns on people • Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’ • confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families

21. War probably planned by Metacom • betrayed by Christian Indian, John Sassamon • Sassamonmurdered • seen as evidence his warnings were correct • 3 Wampanoag Indians tried and executed for his murder • real suspicion directed at King Philip • Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs Wampanoag in late 1675

22. Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes • Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian war • War drags on in to 1676 • Indians unable to fight long war • lack supplies and planning • English re-group, re-supply, and counter-attack • capture and kill King Philip

23. Consequences • 3000 Indians killed (50% of popn) • loss of tribal leaders • exile of many Indians to west • captives sold into slavery • remaining tribes confined to praying villages • End Indian threat in New England

24. cost £100,000 • came close to bankrupting many colonies • 2500 white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age) • damaged 52 of 90 settlements in New England • totally destroyed 12

25. Psychological pain • ‘so dreadful a judgment’ • warning from God • yet victory shows God still on white side • White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again until 1710

26. Conclusions • 1670s threatened but ultimately confirmed English control over the Native Americans • 1680 sees Pueblo revolt for Spanish Also • Va and NE still developing and finding their feet • 1670s show tensions between new and old settlers

27. Thursday

28. Restoration Colonies • 1) The Carolinas • 1663 territory to the south of Virginia granted to eight politically powerful individuals • 6 also directors of the Royal African Company – would be important in the growth of the region • Colony named Carolina in honor of Charles II • Popular with planters from Barbados, where land was limited.

29. Established new capital at Charles Town 1670, • planters grew rice and indigo and began importing large numbers of African slaves. • 2) New York • 1664 became New York from New Amsterdam • Many Dutch merchants remained in New York, & Dutch influence over language and culture lingered

30. 3) Pennsylvania and New Jersey • Both proprietary colonies like Carolina and New York, no charter, proprietor effectively a self ruling prince. • William Penn granted colony to repay a debt owed by Charles II to Penn's father. • Penn = Quaker, a religious dissident, potential troublemaker. • New colony lets Charles II get rid of large numbers of Quakers.

31. 1681 Philadelphia ‘brotherly love’ founded • Fastest growing in America • Policy of total religious toleration, • Attracted religious migrants from Europe. • Good relations with local Indians. ‘Walking purchase’ • Penn attempted a Holy Experiment not unlike Puritans but more tolerant, emphasis on personal morality • Did not prevent political problems between Penn and the settlers, • Charter of Privileges in 1701 giving the assembly rights over legislation.

32. King Philip’s War New England • Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s. • Treaties with Indians not kept • Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags, • Specific grievances • loss of tribal lands • effect of alcohol and guns on people • Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’ • confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families

33. War probably planned by Metacom • betrayed by Christian Indian, John Sassamon • Sassamonmurdered • seen as evidence his warnings were correct • 3 Wampanoag Indians tried and executed for his murder • real suspicion directed at King Philip • Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs Wampanoag in late 1675

34. Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes • Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian war • War drags on in to 1676 • Indians unable to fight long war • lack supplies and planning • English re-group, re-supply, and counter-attack • capture and kill King Philip

35. Consequences • 3000 Indians killed (50% of popn) • loss of tribal leaders • exile of many Indians to west • captives sold into slavery • remaining tribes confined to praying villages • End Indian threat in New England

36. cost £100,000 • came close to bankrupting many colonies • 2500 white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age) • damaged 52 of 90 settlements in New England • totally destroyed 12

37. Psychological pain • ‘so dreadful a judgment’ • warning from God • yet victory shows God still on white side • White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again until 1710

38. Conclusions • 1670s threatened but ultimately confirmed English control over the Native Americans • 1680 sees Pueblo revolt for Spanish Also • Va and NE still developing and finding their feet • 1670s show tensions between new and old settlers

39. Crisis in England and the Redefinition of Empire • Restoration of crown under Charles II in 1660 • Royal government wants to tighten control of the colonies • particularly the north • 1st step the passing of Navigation Acts of 1660

40. 1660 & 1663 Navigation Acts • Restricted all trade with the empire to ships built in England or its colonies • High value commodities, that produced tax revenue, were ‘enumerated’ • That is they had to be shipped to England alone • Non-English European goods had to be imported through England • Aimed at introducing control and mercantilism • i.e. colonies exist to enrich homeland

41. Political reorganization • 1684 English Government revokes Massachusetts bay charter • Annulled the charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island • In 1686, Charles II with no son dies, his brother James II becomes King • Announces the Dominion of New England 1686

42. Dominion of New England • Included all of New England’s former colonies • New York and New Jersey added • Ruled over by on English Royal Governor • No elected body for Boston • Planned to be one of two super colonies

43. Governor Sir Edmund Andros • 1686 Andros arrives in Boston • Brings two companies of Redcoats • Leads attacks on Puritans • Congregational meeting houses used for Church of England services • Reintroduced Christmas and maypoles • Claimed the power to revoke land grants and power to assess rent on new distribution

44. Andros increases taxes • effectively taxation without representation enforces Navigation Acts • appoints cronies to high office • rules with absolutist air ‘either you are subjects or you are rebels’ • Widespread fear of French in Canada, stirring up Indians, • Suspicion of James’s pro-French policies • Louis XIV not seen as good role model.

45. The Glorious Revolution 1688 • King James has Catholic son • Whigs and Tories invite William of Orange (stadholder in Netherlands) • James flees to France • William & Mary take English throne • English throne again becomes Protestant

46. In New England • Indians start to harass settlements in Northern New England • Andros sends troops north, leaving Boston defenceless, troops mutiny at Saco River, April 1689. • Popular uprising, led by elite merchants and puritans, who feared an uprising led by mob • Andros unable to secure any support, flees to city fort

47. The rebellion and its aftermath • Downfall of Andros in 1688/9 encourages Dutch resurgence in New York • Led by Jacob Leisler • Dutch merchant, overlooked for official position by Andros

48. Leisler rules New York 1689-91 • Professes loyalty to William • but refuses to hand over control to English officials in 1691. • Crushed by English forces • Leisler hanged for treason. • Harsh reprisals vs Dutch • Message - rebellion not tolerated. • Decline of Dutch culture accelerated

49. The aftermath for New England • Power vacuum – Council of Safety established to manage affairs until return of charters and guidance from William • Charters returned 1691, but Massachusetts Bay became Royal Colony • New governor Sir Wm Phipps = merchant, not puritan. • Religious toleration established, franchise changed to property qualification rather than religious one • Confirmed end of puritan experiment

50. Does not mean the end of Puritans just end of their domination over the region • Other issues also threaten the Puritans • Deaths affect concept • John Winthrop 1649 • John Davenport 1670 • Ann Bradstreet 1672 • Roger Williams 1683 • A new generation is taking charge • Most members of the ministry now educated at Harvard not Cambridge