Grammar Ch 2

1. Grammar Ch 2 The parts of a sentence

2. Chapter 2 diagnostic Page 40-41 • Identifying the parts of a sentence • Identify each of the numbered italicized words as a subject, verb, predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object • Identifying and punctuating the kinds of sentences • Punctuate each sentence with the correct end mark. Classify each sentence as imperative, declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory

3. The sentence • Sentence • Contains a subject and a verb • Expresses a complete thought • Sentence fragment • Word or word group that is capitalized and punctuated as a sentence • Does not have both a subject and verb Fragment - Was waiting by the door. (no subject) Sentence - The clerk was waiting by the door. *Some sentences contain an understood subject (you) Ex: [You] Stop!

4. Classwork - Exercise 1, page 42 • Decide whether each is a sentence or a sentence fragment. • You can write F or S • Don’t need to correct/complete the sentence fragments

5. Subject and Predicate • Subject = tells whom or what the sentence is about • Predicate = says something about the subject • The (essential) verb and anything that comes after the verb Examples: Coyotes were howling in the distance. The telephone in the lobby rang. The woman wearing the red blouse is my aunt.

6. Subject • Simple subject = the main word or word group • who/what with no description • Complete subject = the simple subject with modifiers Examples: • A triumphant Gloria Estefan stepped up to the microphone. • Simple: Gloria Estefan • Complete: A triumphant Gloria Estefan • Out of the beaker rose a foul-smelling foam. • Simple: foam • Complete: a foul-smelling foam

7. Predicate • Simple predicate (verb) = the main word or word group that tells something about the subject • Complete predicate = consists of the verb and all words that modify it and complete its meaning Examples: • Are you following Mr. Fayed’s advice? • Simple: are following • Complete: are following Mr. Fayed’s advice

8. Classwork Exercise 2, page 43 • Identify the complete subject of each of the following sentences • Example: • The art of quilting has been popular in the United States for a long time. • Complete subject: The art of quilting Exercise 5, page 46 • write the complete predicate and underline the simple predicate (verb/verb phrase) • Example: Surfing and snow skiing are different in many ways. • are different in many ways

9. Identifying subjects and verbs • To find the subject of a sentence, find the verb first • Then ask “Who?” or “What?” before the verb Examples: • Here you can swim year-round. • Verb = can swim • Who can swim? You. • There is Aunt Ivory’s new truck. • Verb = there is • What is there? Truck.

10. Prepositional Phrases • Includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object • Reminder - a preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word • List on page 28 • The subject of a verb is never in a prepositional phrase • Examples - identify the subject and prepositional phrase: • Most of the women voted. • One of the parakeets in the pet shop looks like ours. • Are two of the books missing?

11. Classwork 10-22-18 Exercise 7, page 48 • identify the simple verb and simple subject of each sentence Exercise 8, page 49 • identify the verb (simple predicate) and the simple subject in each of the sentences.

12. Sentences that ask questions • Questions usually begin with a verb, helping verb, or a word such as what, when, where, how, or why • The subject usually follows the verb or helping verb • Examples: • How is the movie different from the book? • Where is the CD I gave you? • Does she have a ride home?

13. Sentences beginning with There or Here • There and here are almost never the subject of a sentence • Used as an adverb to tell where someone/something is • Find the subject by asking “who?” or “what?” before the verb and the adverb • Examples: • There are my cousins. [Who are there? Cousins are.] • Here is your backpack. [What is here? Backpack is.]

14. The Understood Subject • In a request or command, the subject is usually not stated • “You” is the understood subject • Examples: • Please answer the phone. (Who is to answer? You are, the person spoken to) • Listen carefully to his question. (Who is to listen? You are, the person spoken to) • Sometimes a request/command includes a name • These names are NOT the subject, they are called nouns of direct address • “You” is still the subject • Amber, (you) please send us your new address. • (You) Line up, class.

15. Classwork Exercise 9, page 50-51 • Identify the subjects and verbs in the following sentences

16. Compounds • Compound subjects = two or more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb • Antony and Mae baked the bread. • Antony, Mae, and Pamela baked the bread. • Compound verbs = two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same subject • Jim Thorpe entered and won several events in the 1912 Olympics. • The committee met, voted on the issue, and adjourned. • Both the subject and the verb may be compound: • The students and teachers wrote the play and produced it.

17. Classwork • Exercise 11, page 52 - identifying compound subjects and their verbs • Exercise 12, page 53 - identifying compound verbs and the subjects

18. Complements • A word or word group that completes the meaning of a verb • Some word groups need more than a subject/verb to complete a thought • Complements may be compound; a noun, pronoun, adjective • Examples: • It is a good car even though it is old. • Who gave Mr. Garcia the present. • Aunt Edna looks happy and relaxed today. • Marcella might become a chemist. • The clerks at the store are helpful. • Tip: strip the sentence of everything except the subject and verb, then find the word/word group that completes the thought

19. Complements • An adverb is not a complement • Examples: • Where did we go wrong? (Wrong is used as an adverb to modify the verb ‘go’) • That answer is not wrong. (Wrong, an adjective, is used as a complement. Not is the adverb) Classwork: • Page 56 - Exercise 14 - identify the subject, verb, and complement in each sentence

20. The subject complement • A word or word group in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject • Examples: • Mark Twain’s real name was Samuel Clemens. • The surface felt sticky. • May be compound. • The prizewinners are Jennifer, Marcus, and Raul. • Sometimes precede the subject of the sentence • I know what a treat this is for her. (this is the subejct)

21. Predicate Nominative • A word/word group (noun) that is in the predicate and that identifies the subject or refers to it • Examples: • Has she become a dentist? • Friendship is what I value the most.

22. Predicate Adjective • An adjective that is in the predicate and that modifies the subject • Examples: • The soup is hot. (hot soup) • That soil seems dry and crumbly. (dry and crumbly soil) • How expensive are those shoes? (expensive shoes) • Page 58 - exercise 16 • For each sentence, give the complement or complements and tell whether each is a predicate nominative (pn) or a predicate adjective (pa) • Hint: figure out what the subject and predicate are first

23. Objects • Complements that do not refer to the subject • Follow transitive verbs (verbs that express an action directed toward a person, place, or thing) • Example: • Lee Trevino sank the putt. • The object “putt” does not explain/describe the subject Lee Trevino.

24. Direct Objects • A noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action • Examples: • Germs cause illness. (Illness shows the result of the action verb cause) • Peter said Gesundheit. (Gesundheit receives the action of the verb) • Lucy visited me. • What a scary movie we saw! (We saw what? Movie receives the action of the verb) • They were taking whatever was left. • DO are generally not found in prepositional phrases • Josh was riding on his bicycle. • Josh was riding his bicycle. (DO)

25. Classwork • Page 60 - exercise 18 • Identify the direct object in each of the following sentences

26. Indirect Objects • Noun, pronoun, word group that tells to whom or to whatthe action of the transitive verb is done • (Who is a subject, whom is an object of a sentence) • Examples: • Natalie knitted her friend a sweater. (Natalie knitted a sweater for whom? For her friend.) • My little sister sang me a song. • Uncle Gene sends whoever requests it a pamphlet on earthworms. • Not part of a prepositional phrase • Indirect and Direct Objects may be compound • Lydia sold cookies and lemonade. (DO) • Lydia sold Geraldo, Freddy, and me lemonade. (IO)

27. Classwork • Oral Practice on page 61-62 - write in your journal • Identify the direct and indirect objects • Not all sentences will have an indirect object

28. Classifying Sentences by Purpose • Declarative - makes a statement and ends with a period • John Williams won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997. • Imperative - gives a command or makes a request • Most end with a period • Strong commands end with an exclamation point • Ex: Please keep to the right. • Ex: Stop! • Interrogative - asks a question and ends with a question mark • Ex: Can they finish in time? • Exclamatory - shows excitement or expresses a strong feeling • Ends with an exclamation point • Ex: What a good friend you are! Exercise 19, page 64 - Identify each sentence as imperative, declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory

29. Classwork Exercise 19, page 64 - Identify each sentence as imperative, declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory Chapter 2 Review A, page 65 - Identify each sentence as imperative, declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory

30. Review of parts of a sentence • Subject - the main word or word group • Verb • Predicate nominative -A word/word group that is in the predicate and that identifies the subject or refers to it • Predicate adjective - An adjective that is in the predicate and that modifies the subject • Direct object - A noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action • Indirect object - Noun, pronoun, word group that tells to whom or to what the action of the transitive verb is done

31. Classwork • Review C - page 62 • Identify the complements in the sentence and tell whether each is a predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, or indirect object. If a sentence does not contain a complement, write NC

32. Chapter 2 Review • A - Identifying types of sentences and sentence fragments • Give the correct punctuation mark as well • B - Identifying the complete subject and simple subject • Complete subject can be abbreviated (first….last word) • Complete subject = simple subject + any words/phrases that modify the simple subject • C - Identifying complete predicates and simple predicates • Complete predicate can be abbreviated • Complete predicate = simple predicate (verb) + all words that describe the verb and complete it’s meaning

33. Chapter 2 review D - Identifying sentence parts • Subject • Verb • Predicate nominative • Predicate adjective • Direct Object • Indirect Object