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Grammar 2

Grammar 2. The present tense. Ser / Estar. Expressions using tener. Reflexive verbs. Commands. Negatives and negative phrases. Verbs which take the infinitive. Impersonal verb expressions. The present participle. The present continuous. The present tense 1.

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Grammar 2

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  1. Grammar 2 The present tense Ser / Estar Expressions using tener Reflexive verbs Commands Negatives and negative phrases Verbs which take the infinitive Impersonal verb expressions The present participle The present continuous

  2. The present tense 1 Thepresent tenseis used to talk about what is happening now or, in general terms, what happens every day. Examples: Juego al tenisI play tennis Estoy en 1º de BUP I am in Year 10 Tengo un hermanoI have got one brother Me cepillo los dientesI brush my teeth The first example can be translated not just as “I play tennis”, but also as “I am playing tennis” and “I do play tennis.” In English we have different forms of the present tense just as we do in Spanish!

  3. The present tense 2 Thepresent tenseof regular verbs is formed in the following way: 1. Verbs whose infinitive ends in ar Take the-arfrom the end of the infinitive Add the following endings: -o for I -as for you -a for he, she and it -amos for we -áis for you -an for they

  4. The present tense 3 hablar - to speak habl o I speak, I am speaking habl as You speak, you are speaking habl a He / she speaks, he / she is speaking habl amos We speak, we are speaking habl áis You speak, you are speaking habl an They speak, they are speaking

  5. The present tense 4 The following verbs are all regular verbs like HABLAR This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with HABLAR. The only difference will appear in the beginning ( stem) of the verb. Here are some more common -ar verbs. Choose two and write them out in full, with the meaning in English. aceptar = to accept cantar = to sing llorar = to cry amar = to love charlar = to chat mirar = to look at arreglar = to fix dibujar = to draw pagar = to pay ayudar = to help entrar = to go in pescar = to fish bajar = to go down ganar = to win saltar = to jump bailar = to dance lavar = to wash tocar = to touch buscar = to look for llenar = to fill viajar = to travel

  6. The present tense 5 2. Verbs whose infinitive ends in er Take the-erfrom the end of the infinitive Add the following endings: -o for I -es for you -e for he, she and it -emos for we -éis for you -en for they

  7. The present tense 6 comer - to eat com o I eat, I am eating com es You eat, you are eating com e He / she eats, he / she is eating com emos We eat, we are eating com éis You eat, you are eating com en They eat, they are eating

  8. The present tense 7 3.Verbs whose infinitive ends in ir Take the-irfrom the end of the infinitive Add the following endings: -o for I -es for you -e for he ,she, and it -imos for we -ís for you -en for they

  9. The present tense 8 abrir - to open abr o I open, I am opening You open, you are opening abr es abr e He / she opens, he / she is opening abr imos We open, we are opening abr ís You open, you are opening abr en They open, they are opening

  10. The present tense 9 The following verbs are all regular verbs like COMER or ABRIR. This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with COMER or ABRIR. The only difference will appear in the beginning ( stem) of the verb. Choose one -er verb and one -ir verb and write each out in full with the meaning in English! Like COMER beber = to drink leer = to read correr = to run meter = to put coser = to sew vender = to sell deber = to owe ver = to see Like ABRIR cubrir = to cover escribir = to write permitir = to allow recibir = to receive

  11. The present tense 10 Practise putting the correct endings on the following verbs: 1 (escuchar) yo escuch___ 2 (hablar) tu habl___ 3 (beber) ella beb___ 4 (vivir) él viv___ 5 (charlar) nosotros charl___ 6 (comer) vosotros com___ 7 (vender) ellas vend___ 8 (llevar) ellos llev___ 9 (escribir) yo escrib___ 10 (correr) tú corr___ 11 (pasar) él pas___ 12 (meter) ella met___ 13 (dibujar) nosotras dibuj___ 14 (subir) vosotras sub___ 15 (llamar) ellos llam___ Subject words yo = I tú = you él = he ella = she nosotros/as = we vosotros/as = you ellos = they ellas = they o as e e amos éis en an o es a e amos ís an

  12. The present tense 11 Spelling change verbs Some verbs follow a slightly different pattern. We will call these spelling change verbs. They have regular endings like -AR, -ER and -IR verbs, but certain letters change as you go through the verb forming a consistent pattern. There are three types of spelling changes which occur : -o > - ue -e > -ie -e> -i

  13. The present tense 12 Spelling change verbs -o > - ue encontrar = to find 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. encontrar:o changes to ue encuentro encuentras encuentra encontramos encontráis encuentran 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6

  14. The present tense 13 Spelling change verbs -o > - ue poder = to be able 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -er 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. poder:o changes to ue puedo puedes puede podemos podéis pueden 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6

  15. The present tense 14 Spelling change verbs -o > - ue dormir= to sleep 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir 1.Identify the group to which the verb belongs= - IR 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. dormir:o changes to ue duermo duermes duerme dormimos dormís duermen 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6

  16. The present tense 15 Spelling change verbs -e > -ie pensar = to think 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. pensar: -e changes to ie pienso piensas piensa pensamos pensáis piensan 4. Change the –e to –ie on parts 1 2 3 6 Querer and preferir are two more -e > -ie verbs. Can you write each out in full, using the four steps?

  17. The present tense 16 Spelling change verbs -e> -i pedir= to ask for 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. pedir: -e changes to i pido pides pide pedimos pedís piden 4. Change the –e to –i on parts 1 2 3 6 Note!This change only occurs with –IR verbs

  18. The present tense 17 Unfortunately not all verbs follow these patterns. Some common verbs are irregular and must be learnt by heart! tener -to have tengo I have, I am having tienes You have, you are having tiene He / she / it has, he / she / it is having tenemos We have, we are having tenéis You have, you are having tienen They have, they are having

  19. The present tense 18 ir - to go voy I go, I am going vas You go, you are going va He / she / it goes, he / she / it is going vamos We go, we are going vais You go, you are going van They go, they are going

  20. The present tense 19 Some irregular verbs just have a different 1st part or person and then the rest of the verb acts as if it were regular Note! Poner would be regular like comer except for the extraletter in the 1st part poner – to put pongo I put, I am putting pones You put, you are putting pone He / she / it puts, he / she / it is putting ponemos We put, we are putting ponéis You put, you are putting ponen They put, they are putting menu

  21. Ser / Estar 1 Here are two more very important verbs. They both mean the same thing! estar – to be ser - to be soy I am, I am being estoy eres You are, you are being estás es He / she / it is, is being está somos We are, we are being estamos sois You are, you are being estáis son They are, they are being están

  22. Ser / Estar 2 Both of these verbs mean ‘to be’, but which one do you use? • SER is used for: ESTAR is used for: • (1) Things which are permanent (1) Position • (2) Names (2) Temporary things or states • (3) Nationality (3) Present continuous actions • (4) Time (4) Place • (5) Colour (5) Feelings • (6) Possession • Ejemplos: • La casa es de piedra. (1) El libro está en la mesa. • Es Roberto. (2) La paella está fría. • Roberto es español. (3) Ahora está lloviendo. • Son las tres en punto. (4) Sevilla está en el sur. • El plátano es amarillo. (5) Mi padre está enfadado. • El libro es de Ana

  23. Ser / Estar 3 Decide which you would use in the following sentences, ser or estar. Don’t forget to put the correct part of the verb! 1. Nuestra profesora ______ enfadada con nosotras. 2. Paris _____la capital de Francia y ____ en el norte del país. 3. Mi hermana trabaja en una tienda, ____dependienta. 4. ¿De qué color _____ la manzana ?______ verde. 5. ¡Esta sopa ______fría, sólo como la sopa caliente! 6. La película _____ muy buena y _____ en inglés. 7. No puedo salir porque mi madre _____enferma. 8. La mesa ____ de madera y el florero_____ de plástico. 9. El abrigo______mojado pero yo_____completamente seco. 10. Es la Nochebuena, fuera ______nevando y las aceras_____ cubiertas de nieve. 11. El tren con destino a Madrid_____en el andén número 8. 12 La cartera ______llena de billetes de mil pesetas. está es está es es Es está es es está es es está estoy están está está está menu

  24. Expressions using tener • The verb TENER means ‘to have’, but very often, by putting another word with it, it is translated instead by ‘to be’ • Here are some examples: • When you say your age: Tengo quince años - I am fifteen • Tener calor to be hot • Tener frío to be cold • Tener cuidado to be careful • Tener hambre to be hungry • Tener sed to be thirsty • Tener miedo to be afraid • Tener razónto be right • Tener sueño to be sleepy • Tener suerte to be lucky • Tener éxito to be successful Use these expressions to make up some sentences. menu

  25. Reflexive verbs 1 Reflexive verbs are generally used to express actions that we do to ourselves, eg. I wash myself , or often have the word get eg I get washed. In Spanish you use a ‘reflexive pronoun’ in place of myself or get: In the dictionary, the letters se on the end of the infinitive tell you it is a reflexive verb lavarse - to get washed me • Write out the verb as if it were a normal regular verb. te se 2. Add the correct reflexive pronoun. nos os se

  26. Reflexive verbs 2 lavarse - to get washed me lavo I get washed te lavas you get washed se lava he / she gets washed nos lavamos we get washed os laváis you get washed se lavan they get washed

  27. Reflexive verbs 3 Using what you have learnt about the verb lavarse to help you, try writing the following two verbs out in full in the same way (they are both regular -ar verbs). levantarse - to get up ducharse - to have a shower me te se nos os se levanto me te se nos os se ducho levantas duchas levanta ducha levantamos duchamos levantáis ducháis levantan duchan

  28. Reflexive verbs 4 Here are some other reflexive verbs which may be of use when you want to talk about your daily routine in Spanish: despertarse - to wake up levantarse - to get up lavarse - to get washed afeitarse - to have a shave ducharse - to have a shower vestirse - to get dressed quitarse la ropa - to get undressed cepillarse los dientes - to brush your teeth arreglarse - to get ready acostarse - to go to bed NOTICE The three verbs with a red letter are spelling change verbs as well as reflexive verbs. Write a short description of your daily routine using the verbs given here. menu

  29. Commands 1 • If you need to tell someone what to do in Spanish, then it is important that you use the correct part of the verb. • If you want to give instructions to a friend, someone your age, or to a member of your family, then it is best to use the tú form of the verb. • For all regular verbs, drop the -s from the end of the normal tú form. Even most irregular verbs follow this rule. InfinitivePresent tense tú formCommand hablar - to talk hablas - you talk ¡Habla! - Talk! comer - to eat comes - you eat ¡Come!-Eat! abrir- to open abres - you open ¡Abre! - Open! cerrar - to close cierras - you close ¡Cierra! - Close!

  30. Commands 2 If you want to tell a group of people (family, friends,children) to do something, then simply take theinfinitiveform of the verb (the part that ends in -AR, -ER, or -IR), take off the r and add the letter d. There are no exceptions to this! hablar comer abrir ¡Hablad! ¡Comed! ¡Abrid! This is the probably the form you will hear your teacher use when he or she addresses the class as a whole: ¡Mirad! - Look!

  31. Commands 3 Telling someone not to do something is quite easy too! • Take the normal tú ending off the verb. 2. Change the verb endings in the following way: Use –ER endings for –AR verbs Use – AR endings for –ER and –IR verbs 3. Finally just put the no in front of the command word ¡No hablasas es!! ¡No comas! comes ¡No abras! abres menu

  32. Negatives and negative phrases 1 To use negatives in Spanish means you want to say that you do not do something. Compare the English: I run I do not run. (1) To change a sentence into the negative in Spanish usually you just put no in front of the verb. (2) If the verb is made up of two parts always put the no before the first part. Examples: (1) Hablo español No hablo italiano. (2) He comido gambas No he comido gambas.

  33. Negatives and negative phrases 2 • Respuestas • No veo la televisión todos los días. • Ayer no vi dos programas. • El viernes pasado no vi mi programa preferido. • No he visto la última película de George Clooney. • No como pescado y patatas fritas. • No practico el tenis en verano. • No leo libros en mis horas libres. • No voy al cine los viernes. • No salgo con mis amigos. • Change these sentences into the negative: • Veo la televisión todos los días. • Ayer vi dos programas. • El viernes pasado vi mi programa preferido. • He visto la última película de George Clooney. • Como pescado y patatas fritas. • Practico el tenis en verano. • Leo libros en mis horas libres. • Voy al cine los viernes. • Salgo con mis amigos.

  34. Negatives and negative phrases 3 • Another way to change a sentence into the negative is to • use another word with no. • The following can be used for negatives. • nada = nothing nunca = never • ningún(a) = no/not any nadie = nobody ni…ni = neither…nor • They can be used in the following two ways: • Place the no in front of the verb and the other word directly after the verb. • Put the special word in front of the verb and do not use no. • Examples • No vinada. Nada vi. I saw nothing. • No viene nunca. Nunca viene. She / He never comes. • No vino nadie. Nadie vino Nobody came. • No sobrevivióninguna persona. Nobody survived. • Ninguna persona sobrevivió. • (5)No vino ni Paco ni Ana. Neither Paco nor Ana came. • Ni Paco ni Ana vino. Note that ni…ni works slightly differently!

  35. Negatives and negative phrases 4 • Respuestas: • No voy nunca al centro de la ciudad. Nunca voy al centro de la ciudad. • No vinieron ni Raúl ni Roberto a la discoteca. Ni Raúl ni Roberto vinieron a la discoteca. • Novi a nadie en la calle. A nadievi en la calle. • Roberto no sale nunca de casa. Roberto nunca sale de casa. • No lo había leído nadie. Nadie lo había leído. • Para la clase de historia no necesito nada. Nada necesito para la clase de historia. • No hay ningún hombre en la playa. Ningún hombre hay en la playa. • No tiene ni naranjas ni manzanas. Ni naranjas ni manzanas tiene. • No he comprado ningún regalo. • No he comprado nada. Nada he comprado. • Rewrite the sentences, this time including the negative expression in • brackets. You may leave out the no, if you wish! • Voy al centro de la ciudad. (no) (nunca) • Raúl y Roberto vinieron a la discoteca. (ni…ni) • Vi a alguien en la calle. (no) (nadie) • Roberto sale de casa. (no) (nunca) • Lo había leído. (no) (nadie) • Para la clase de historia necesito algo. (no) (nada) • Hay un hombre en la playa. (no) (ningún) • Tiene naranjas y manzanas. (ni…ni) • He comprado un regalo. (no) (ningún) • He comprado algo. (no) (nada) menu

  36. Verbs which take the infinitive The infinitive is the part of the verb you will find in the dictionary. In Spanish, it usually ends with –AR, -ER or -IR. We usually translate the infinitive as to do something, for example to talk, to eat or to open. If you see an infinitive in a Spanish sentence, you will find that it usually follows another verb. Example. I want to go home. Quiero volver a casa. In this sentence there are two verbs: 1 = I want (quiero) 2 = to go / return (volver) The first verb is in the first person (yo). The second verb always stays in the infinitive. menu

  37. Impersonal verb expressions 1 Some verbs do not need to change when you use them as they stay the same for all people. They are called impersonal verbs. Here are three useful examples: (1) Se debe… One must… / You ought to… (2) Hace falta… It is necessary… (3) Hay que… It is necessary… / You must… They can be (1) used with the infinitive (2) used with a reflexive pronoun to denote who is being referred to (1) Debe relajarse. You ought to relax. (2) Hace falta llegar temprano. It is necessary to arrive early. (3) Hay que tener más cuidado. You need to take more care. (4) Me hace falta azúcar y leche. I need sugar and milk.

  38. Impersonal verb expressions 2 Respuestas. 1. Se debe sentar. 2. Hace falta alquilar un coche. 3. Hay que tomar estas píldoras tres veces por día. 4. Me hace falta media docena de huevos. 5. Hay que salir temprano. 6. Se debe comprar este libro. 7. Hay que ver esta película. 8. Te hace falta comprar leche. 9. Se debe conducir con más cuidado. 10.Se debe consultar un médico. Now try putting these sentences into Spanish. 1. You need to sit down. 2. It is necessary to hire a car. 3. You must take these pills three times a day. 4. I need half a dozen eggs. 5. It is necessary to leave early. 6. You ought to buy this book. 7. You must see this film. 8. You need to buy some milk. 9. You ought to drive more carefully. 10. You ought to see a doctor. menu

  39. The present participle 1 The present participle is a very useful part of the verb. It is usually translated in English by ‘-ing’. Eg. I am talking Normally, you can just use the present tense for this in Spanish: Hablo español = I speak Spanish, I am speaking Spanish. But sometimes you need to emphasise exactly what you are doing at a certain point in time, and it is then that the present participle is needed. When this happens in the present tense, we call this the present continuous Example: Listen, I am talking! ¡Escucha, estoy hablando! present tense verb present participle

  40. The present participle 2 How do we form the present participle? To form the present participle of an -AR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -AR and add -ANDO HABLAR ANDO HABL To form the present participle of an -ER or -IR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -ER or -IR, and add -IENDO. COMER IENDO ABRIR IENDO COM ABR

  41. The present participle 3 Irregular present participles There are only a few irregular present participles and they can be put into two groups. • Verbs which use a y instead of an i: • verbstemparticiple • caer to fall cay cayendo falling • leer to readley leyendo reading • ir to go y yendo going • oír to hear oy oyendo hearing 2. spelling change verbs verbstemparticiple servir to serve sirv sirviendo serving pedir to ask for pid pidiendo asking for dormir to sleep durm durmiendo sleeping decir to say dic diciendo saying venir to comevin viniendo coming menu

  42. The present continuous 1 The verb can be divided into two parts as in English. Example I am eating. I am from the verb to be (in Spanish you use ESTAR) eating the present participle of the verb to eat. In Spanish this now becomes a compound tense or quite simply a verb in two parts. It is quite straightforward to form and use, provided you form the two parts in the way that you are shown on the next slide.

  43. The present continuous 2 To form the present continuous tense in Spanish you need two parts. (1) The present tense of ‘estar’ (2) The present participle of the verb you are emphasising estoy hablando I am speaking speaking estás hablando You are He / she / it is speaking está hablando speaking We are estamos hablando You are speaking estáis hablando They are speaking están hablando Note: ‘estar’ changes but the present participle does not.

  44. The present continuous 3 Now see if you can change the present tense to the present continuous in each of the following sentences! • Juan y Ana están bebiendo café con leche en la cafetería. • Hoy estálloviendo a cántaros , no estáacabando. • Nosotros estamos leyendo revistas en la clase de ciencias. • Los camareros están sirviendo a muchos clientes hoy. • Anita está poniendo la mesa para ayudar a su madre. • El gato está durmiendo en el jardín. • Los niños están jugando al fútbol en el parque. • María está vistiéndose en su dormitorio. • Mi madre está viendo su telenovela preferida en la tele. • Yo estoy aprendiendo el español en el instituto. • Vosotras estáis cantando en el coro. • El cliente está pidiendo la cuenta. • Juan y Ana beben café con leche en la cafetería. • Hoy llueve a cántaros , no acaba. • Nosotros leemos revistas en la clase de ciencias. • Los camareros sirven a muchos clientes hoy. • Anita pone la mesa para ayudar a su madre. • El gato duerme en el jardín. • Los niños juegan al fútbol en el parque. • María se viste en su dormitorio. • Mi madre ve su telenovela preferida en la tele. • Yo aprendo el español en el instituto. • Vosotras cantáis en el coro. • El cliente pide la cuenta. Note: If you put the pronoun on the end of the participle, as in number 8, you must put an accent on the verb stem vowel! menu

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