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Population

Population. Chapter 2. Humans are not evenly distributed across the Earth. To Understand Population distribution Concentration Density. What Similarities do these regions have?. Close to water – ocean or river 2/3’s live within 300 miles of an ocean

angelica-farley
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Population

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  1. Population Chapter 2

  2. Humans are not evenly distributed across the Earth. • To Understand Population distribution • Concentration • Density

  3. What Similarities do theseregions have? • Close to water – ocean or river • 2/3’s live within 300 miles of an ocean • 4/5’s live within 500 miles of an ocean • Low-lying areas with fertile soil. • Northern Hemisphere 10°-55° N Latitude • 1 exception part of SE Asia.

  4. Population Cartogram – Counties displayed by size of population rather than land area. Countries shown have at least 50 million people. Where are the major population clusters?

  5. East Asia • Includes: China, Taiwan, Korea & Japan • ¼ of world’s population, 5/6’s in China • Concentrated in East, interior & west sparse • China: 25 cities w/ over 2 million, 61 over 1 million • more than 50% live in rural areas. • Japan & Korea: 40% live in 3 urban areas • J: Tokyo & Osaka; K: Seoul. < 3% of land area. • 3/4 ‘s live in urban areas

  6. South Asia • Includes: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, & Sri Lanka • ¼ of world’s population • India: ¾’s of S Asia population • Largest Concentration: from Lahore, Pakistan to Bangladesh & Bay of Bengal, 900 miles • Plains of the Indus & Ganges Rivers & both Coast. • Most people are farmers, only 25% live in urban areas.

  7. Southeast Asia • Includes: Islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea & Philippines, & Indochina • 1/3 of Asia’s population • Indonesia: 4th biggest population. • Indochina: People live in the River valley & deltas • Most people live in rural areas & are farmers.

  8. Europe • Also includes European Russia • 1/3 largest cluster • 1/9th of the world’s people • 3/4th’s live in urban areas. < 10% farmers • Linked by roads & rail lines • Highest population: Coal fields of England, Germany, & Belgium. • Must import food - don’t produce enough. • Additional resources reason for world exploration.

  9. Other Population Clusters • Northeastern US & Southeastern Canada • from Boston, MA to Newport News, VA & east to Chicago. • 2% of world’s population • < 2% are farmers • West Africa – south facing Atlantic coast • 2% of world’s population • ½ live in Nigeria, ½ in countries west of Nigeria • Majority work in agriculture

  10. Sparsely Populated Regions • Dry Lands - 20% of Earth’s land • Largest desert region from Sahara to Gobi. • Lack water to grow crops. • Valuable natural resources - oil • Wet Lands - 20d N & S Lat. • 50 inches or more/year. • Rain & heat deplete soil nutrients. • Wet & Dry seasons • Wet can grown enough food to support large populations

  11. Sparsely Populated Regions cont. • Cold Lands – polar regions • permafrost • Less precipitation than some deserts • Few animals • High Lands - Mountain region • Too steep, snow covered • Exception: temp & rainfall make higher elevation desirable – Mexico City elev. 7360 ft.

  12. Population Density • Arithmetic Density – total number of objects in an area • Population/area = AD • US 84 people/sq mile; Bangladesh 2919/sq mile • India 922; Canada & Australia 7 • Vary w/in a country: New York county 27,500; Loving County, TX .06 • Egypt is 79 for the entire country, but 5400 for the Nile River Valley & Delta

  13. Physiological Density – number of people supported by unit area of arable land • Population/arable land area = PD • Higher the PD the greater the pressure people place on land to produce enough food. • US – 453/sq mile; Egypt 5947/sq mile • What does Egypt's low AD & high PD indicate?

  14. Agricultural Density – ratio of # of farmers to amount of land. • Number of farmers/amount of arable land • US – 1.6 farmers/sq km; Egypt 251 • Why? • MDC have better technology & finance allows fewer people to farm more land & feed more people. • Look at Table on Page 51 • What conclusions can we draw? • Bangladesh & Netherlands

  15. Natural Increase • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): the total number of live births/year for every 1000 persons alive in the society. Ex. 20 means for every 1000 people in a country 20 babies are born/yr. • Crude Death Rate (CDR): the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

  16. Natural Increase Cont. • Natural increase Rate (NIR): the % by which a population grows in a year, excludes immigration, first convert to %. NIR= CBR-CDR • Current NIR – 1.2%; high 1963 – 2.2% • Doubling Time: number of years needed to double the population, assuming current NIR. • Current: 54 years: 1963 – 35 years • 95% of NI in LDC – 2%; European have negative

  17. Fertility & Mortality • Total Fertility Rates (TFR) – average # of children a woman will have in her childbearing years. • Attempts to predict future behavior • Current TFR - 2.6 • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) - # of deaths of infants <1 yr. compared with total live births. • Life Expectancy – average # of years a infant can expect to live at current mortality.

  18. Wrap up • MDC – lower NIR, CBR, TFR, IMR, & higher LE. • LDC – higher NIR, CBR, TFT, IMR & lower LE. • HOWEVER, CDR does not follow the pattern. • Combined CDR for all LDC’s is lower than combined rate for all MDC. • Variation between highest & lower CDR’s is less extreme that variation in CBR’s. • Why?

  19. Demographic Transition Model • Stage 1: Low Growth – very high birth & death rate, produces no long-term natural increase • Stage 2: High Growth – Rapidly declining death rate, very high birth rate, produces very high natural increase. • Stage 3: Moderate Growth – Birth rate rapidly decline, death rate continues to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate. • Stage 4: Low Growth – very low birth & death rates produce no long-term natural increase

  20. Population Chapter 2

  21. Malthus on Overpopulation • English economist, 1766-1834, An Essay on the Principle of Population. • Population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increase arithmetically. • Today: 1 person – 1 unit of food • 25 years: 2 persons – 2 units of food • 50 years: 4 persons – 3 units of food • 75 years: 8 persons – 4 units of food • 100 years: 16 persons – 5 units of food • Conclusion made few decades after England became 1st country to enter Stage 2.

  22. Contemporary Neo-Malthusians • 1. LDCs have most rapid pop. growth because of transfer of medical technology, but not wealth from MDCs. Wider gap between pop. & resources. • 2. Population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources.

  23. Malthus’s Critics • The belief that world’s supply of resources is fixed. Possibilism & Technology can expand it. • Boserup & Kuznets – Cornucopian Theory –human ingenuity will result in innovations that make it possible to expand the food supply • Simon – Larger populations stimulate economic growth. • Marxist – no cause-&-effect between population growth & economic development. • LDCs can rapidly accepted modern ideas.

  24. Example of Acceptance • Use of Family Planning Methods • Sub-Saharan Africa, low use of contraceptives, < ¼, could have strong impact. • In Asia & Latin America 2/3’s use them. • Reasons - varies among countries: • Economics, religion, education. • Low status of women. • Children represent higher status & sign of virility

  25. Epidemiologic Transition • Stages 1 – “natural checks” • Black Plague – 1347 spread from coast to inland towns to rural areas. 1348 Western Europe, 1349 Northern Europe. • 25 million Europeans died 1347-1350 • 5 more epidemics. • 13 million in China died, left farms with no workers, ships adrift, estates with no heirs

  26. Epidemiologic Transition • Stage 2 – Stage of receding pandemics • Improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine during Industrial Revolution reduced spread of diseases. • Cholera – ½ mill. NYC 1832; ⅛ of Cairo 1831 • Dr. John Snow showed distribution pattern with water sources. Victims from 1 H²O pump.

  27. Epidemiologic Transition • Stage 3 – Stage of Degenerative & Human Created diseases • Decrease infectious diseases, increase chronic disorders. • Cardiovascular diseases & cancer • Vaccines lead to decrease: Polio, measles, tetanus, diphtheria & pertussis. • LDC moved from Stage 2 to 3

  28. Epidemiologic Transition • Stage 4 – Stage of Delayed degenerative diseases • Causes of death heart disease & cancer linger but life expectancy is extended b/c medical advances. • Better diet & more exercise, reduced use of tobacco & alcohol.

  29. Epidemiologic Transition • Possible Stage 5 – reemergence of infectious & parasitic diseases • 3 Reasons possible • Evolution: Drug resistant diseases & insects • Poverty: over crowded conditions, cost of treatment, availability of treatment • Improved travel: allow diseases to move quickly between areas. EX: H1N1, SARS

  30. AIDS • Most lethal epidemic in recent years • 25 million worldwide have died • 90% people with AIDS in LDCs • 22 million infected in sub-Saharan Africa, 5 million in Asia, 2 million E. Europe & Latin America, & 1 million each N. America & W. Europe • Life expectancy – Declined in Southern Africa from 50s in 1980s to 40s now.

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