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Learning in Science. Vygotsky (Constructivist). Learning stems from experience Involves language (and discussion) Clarifies thinking Requires processing Within a social and cultural context Within Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Is contextually-based Howe, 1996.
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Vygotsky(Constructivist) • Learning stems from experience • Involves language (and discussion) • Clarifies thinking • Requires processing • Within a social and cultural context • Within Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) • Is contextually-based • Howe, 1996
Vygotsky(Constructivist) • People learn • Everyday concepts (spontaneous) • “Scientific” concepts (non-spontaneous) • Concepts • Are constructed • Linked concepts transfer to new experiences • Howe, 1996
Piaget(Constructivist) • Learning is active, constructive process • Learning derived from experience • New Knowledge • Assimilated • Accommodated • Learning is individual and internally driven • Developmental stages in learning • Linked to physical development • Limit learning • Howe, 1996
Prior Knowledge I’d like the duck, but I have a plane to catch. I was brought into a large white room and my eyes began to blink because the bright light hurt them.
Prior Knowledge Which does not belong in this group? Salamander Jellyfish Tree Fish Jesse Ventura
Constructivism • Characteristics of Knowledge • Builds on Prior Knowledge • Derived from reality • Is adaptive, useful • Is rational • “Created” by individuals • Socially constructed • Shapiro, 1994
Constructivism • Types of Knowledge • Rote (“situated” ) • Fuzzy Conceptions (Alternative conceptions) • Meaningful • Cognitive network: Schema • Illustrated through concept maps • “Misconceptions” • Novak, 2002
Animal Needs Oxygen May be a Needs May be a Bird Food Can Fish Reproduce May be a Trout Prior Knowledge Pyrrhuloxia
Misconceptions Examples: Seasons Condensation
Misconceptions • Constructed from experience, “prior knowledge” • Rational (make sense) • Useful • Common and typical • Stable and resistant to change
Conceptual Change • Assess prior knowledge • Clarify prior knowledge • Create dissatisfaction with current concepts • Discovery process • New concept is understood • New concept is believable • New concept is useful • Continued experience with new concept Strike & Posner, 1982
Constructivist terminology • Proposition – A statement identifying the relationship between concepts Consider: Flowers have pistils. Flowers are part of plants. Dogs have legs. Water flows down hill.
Constructivism • Concepts – regularities in events or objects Consider: Chair Dog Running Blue Sunny Novak, 2002
Relevance Learning Motivated by relevance • To learner’s world. • To prior knowledge • To relationships (socially valued knowledge) Affected by • Unobservables • Sensory perceptions (taste, smell) • Prior ideas, knowledge, models Schollum & Osborne, 1985
Language in the classroom • Teacher’s words may be ignored if unfamiliar • Teacher’s words may be used without understanding (sounding scientific) • Student’s words may be ignored. • May involve unidentified mismatch between student and teacher. (examples: living, animal) • May be identified mismatch. Bell & Freyberg,, 1985
Instructional Mismatches • Intention for activity • Context - conceptual • Purpose – goal of activity • Design – relevant variables • Activity goals • Action may be without skills or direction • Get results • Reflection – considering findings Tasker & Freyberg, 1985
Pollution misconceptions • Brody – Misconceptions • Anything natural is not pollution • Biodegradable materials are not pollutants. • Things are either pollutants or not pollutants. • The human race is indestructible as a species. • Solid waste in dumps is safe. Brody, 1987
Objectivism • Different in world-view and philosophy • Knowledge is waiting to be discovered (or taught) • Systematic, objective observations lead to knowledge (the inductive process) • Learning is a process to obtain “true” knowledge • Shapiro, 1994
Knowledge • Conceptions • Rote Knowledge • Fuzzy Conceptions (Alternative conceptions) • Misconceptions
Knowledge Vee • The Knowledge Vee – demonstrates process of constructing/analyzing knowledge • Conceptual components • Principles – relationships among concepts explaining how concepts appear/behave. • Theories – explain why concepts appear/behave the way they do • World View – belief and knowledge system motivating and guiding learning • Novak, 2002
Knowledge Vee • Methodological components • Records (empirical observations) • Transformations (graphs, etc organizing records) • Knowledge claims – summary statements based on records • Value claims – statements of value of knowledge
Beyond Constructivism • Real world can be known objectively • Language is bound by reality (p. 58) • Knowledge • Claims checked against reality • Sources are sensory (empirical) • Sources are culturally transmitted • Osborne,
Beyond Constructivism • Critiques of constructivism • Knowledge development not same as K learning • Leads to relativism • Can’t explain knowledge not based on direct experience • Nature of Science (NOS) not necessarily relevant to learning (p. 67) • Osborne,
Beyond Constructivism • Science: • Provides Knowledge of objective, real world • Based on experimentation (uses referents) • Involves verification • Is reliable • Is objective • Knowledge is relatively stable • Osborne,
Theoretical Perspectives • Constructivism • Social • Radical • Instrumentalism • Postmodernism • Realism
Cognitive Processes • Progressive differentiation • Subsumption • Superordinate learning • Integrative reconciliation Novak, 2002