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Unit 6 The Middle Ages

Unit 6 The Middle Ages. The Roman Empire Falls. The decline of the Roman Empire led to the MIDDLE AGES – THE PERIOD IN EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM ABOUT 500 TO 1500 While Asia flourished, Europe fell apart. There was a: Disruption of trade Downfall of Cities Population shift

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Unit 6 The Middle Ages

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  1. Unit 6The Middle Ages

  2. The Roman Empire Falls • The decline of the Roman Empire led to the MIDDLE AGES – THE PERIOD IN EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM ABOUT 500 TO 1500 • While Asia flourished, Europe fell apart

  3. There was a: • Disruption of trade • Downfall of Cities • Population shift • People Moved to rural areas

  4. A shift in culture • Decline of Learning • Invaders do not read or write • No schools in the country • Only Church officials read and write

  5. Loss of a Common Language • Use of Latin declines • Local languages thrive • French, Spanish, etc. • This adds to disunity

  6. Government Changes • Invaders stressed personal loyalty and ties to local leaders • Unwritten laws govern • Don’t obey kings, government officials, etc.

  7. Christianity spreads • Catholic Church adapts to rural lifestyle by building MONASTERIES – RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES

  8. Church’s power grows • Pope Gregory I made the pope’s office a secular – worldly power involved in government.

  9. Charlemagne

  10. A Frankish King who lived from 742 to 814 AD

  11. Stressed the importance of education • Spread Christianity through his conquests • Reunited Europe once again under the largest empire since Ancient Rome

  12. After Charlemagne died… • Civil War breaks out • Charlemagne’s grandsons fight for the crown. • Empire is divided into three parts. 

  13. Charlemagne’s Empire Divided

  14. The period after Charlemagne’s death would be the darkest time in European history…

  15. The start of Feudalism • Post-Charlemagne Europe is dangerous • Feudalism, which is based on mutual obligations, develops.

  16. FEUDALISM – A POLITICAL SYSTEM IN WHICH NOBLES ARE GRANTED THE USE OF LANDS THAT LEGALLY BELONG TO THEIR KING, IN EXCHANGE FOR THEIR LOYALTY, MILITARY SERVICE, AND PROTECTION OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE ON THE LAND.

  17. How does Feudalism work? • Lords give Fiefs to Vassals • LORD – LANDOWNER WHO GRANTS FIEFS. • FIEF – A PIECE OF LAND GRANTED TO A VASSAL. • VASSAL – THE PERSON RECEIVING THE FIEF; OFTEN A KNIGHT OR SERF.

  18. SERFS – PEASANTS WHO COULD NOT LEGALLY LEAVE THE PLACE WHERE THEY WERE BORN. • KNIGHTS – MOUNTED WARRIORS WHO PLEDGED TO DEFEND THEIR LORDS’ LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR A FIEF.

  19. Class Structure

  20. Manors • MANOR – THE LORD’S ESTATE • Made up of the lord’s manor house or castle, a church, serfs’ homes, farmland, and workshops.

  21. How does a Manor work? • Lord provides serfs with housing, farmland, and protection. • Serfs take care of land and animals and pledge loyalty to lord.

  22. Life as a Serf • Lived in crowded cottages. • Simple diets – mostly breads and soups (barley) • Never left home • Lots of restrictions

  23. Women worked as hard as men. • Paid many taxes, including tithes – a church tax • Believed God determined their lives.

  24. Why were there knights? • Knights protected the lord’s land • There were constant battles between lords • They were rewarded with land

  25. How to become a knight in 3 easy steps… • Become a page (Age 7) * Move to another castle * Learn courtly manners * Play chess * Practice sword fighting

  26. Become a squire (Age 14) * Become servant to a knight * Take care of armor, horse and weapons * Escort knight to battles

  27. 3) Knighthood (Age 21) * Knighting Ceremony

  28. How Knights Lived • Knights lived by a code of CHIVALRY – A COMPLEX CODE OF BEHAVIOR FOR KNIGHTS REQUIRING DEVOTION TO THE LORD, LADY, AND GOD AND STRESSING COURAGE, LOYALTY, AND DEVOTION.

  29. The Knights Code of Chivalry and the vows of KnighthoodTo fear God and maintain His Church • To serve the liege lord in valour and faith • To protect the weak and defenceless • To give succour to widows and orphans • To refrain from the wanton giving of offence • To live by honour and for glory • To despise pecuniary reward • To fight for the welfare of all • To obey those placed in authority • To guard the honour of fellow knights • To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit • To keep faith • At all times to speak the truth • To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun • To respect the honour of women • Never to refuse a challenge from an equal • Never to turn the back upon a foe

  30. Knights Also fought in mock battles called tournaments • These helped keep them trained for war

  31. Defense Boiling Water Hot Oil Molten Lead Crossbows/ Arrows Offense Mantlet Siege Tower Battering Ram Tortoise Mangonel Trebuchet Warfare (p. 329)

  32. Literature • Downplayed real-life brutality of the Middle Ages • Glorified knights • Idealized castles • Characters showed medieval ideals of courage and faith • Legend of King Arthur

  33. In what ways does this painting capture the “Age of Chivalry?”

  34. The Crusades • In 1093, the Byzantine emperor called for help against invasion by Muslim Turks. • “Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight…And in your coming, you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you.” • --Emperor Alexius Comnenus

  35. In 1095 AD, the first crusade was called for by POPE URBAN II – THE POPE WHO CALLED FOR THE FIRST CRUSADE • CRUSADE – HOLY WAR • Goal: to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims

  36. What drives the Crusades? • Religion - Belief that God wills it • Gets rid of troublesome knights who fight each other • Dead get a place in heaven • Economic - Merchants profit from making loans to finance Crusades • Want control of Muslim trade routes

  37. Saladin (1138-1193) Muslim leader Devout, honest, brave Conquered Jerusalem Richard the Lion-Hearted (1157-1199) English king Left England to fight in Crusades Ruthless defeat of Muslims at Acre Key players

  38. Crusades Timeline • 1097 – 1st Crusade – Christians take Jerusalem • 1144 – 2nd Crusade – Muslims unsuccessful • 1187 – Third Crusade – Jerusalem reconquered by Muslims • 1212 – Children’s Crusade

  39. The Spanish Inquisition • The Reconquista - the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain led to many unjust trials and executions in Europe. • The church also got involved with theINQUISITION – CHURCH COURT THAT TRIED PEOPLE SUSPECTED OF HERESY IN THE 1400S IN SPAIN

  40. Spanish Inquisition

  41. Effects of the Crusades • Hatred between Muslims and Christians grows • Thousands of deaths • Trade grows between Europe and Middle East • Crusaders learn new technology from Muslims • Power of feudal nobles weakens

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