The Second War for Independence & the Upsurge of Nationalism

1. The Second War for Independence & the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812 – 1824 Mr. Love

2. “Mr. Madison’s War” • War of 1812 • June 1812 – declaration of war • Opposed by Federalists & Middle Atlantic states • West & Southern states supported

3. War of 1812 • One of America’s worst – fought wars • People divided/ apathetic • Militarily unprepared • Canadian strategy poorly conceived • Economic life was crippled

4. Indian Resistance • Battle of the Thames – 1813 • Tecumseh killed by William Henry Harrison’s forces • Battle of Horseshoe Bend - 1814 • Creek Indians defeated by Andrew Jackson

5. Canadian Strategy • 3 pronged invasion of 1812 • Troops sent from Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain • All were beaten back shortly after they crossed the Canadian border. Some militia would not cross state lines. Made it hard to engage enemy!

6. British & Canadians • Displayed energy from the outset • Captured Fort Michilimackinac (SAY IT 3 TIMES FAST) • Commanded the upper Great Lakes & Indian-inhabited area to the south & west • British General Isaac Brock • 1813- Americans began to look for successes on water after land invasions were hurled back

7. Oliver Hazard Perry • Captured British fleet on the shores of Lake Erie • “We have met the enemy & they are ours.” • Retreating redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison’s army & beaten at the Battle of the Thames – Oct. 1813

8. Problems for America • 1814 – Americans were grimly defending their own soil against the invading British • Napoleon was exiled from France to the island of Elba leaving America to fight alone

9. Battle of Plattsburgh 1814 • British prepared to attack NY • Forced to bring supplies over Lake Champlain • Challenged by Thomas Macdonough • British were forced to retreat (BIG WIN) • Saved upper NY from conquest

10. Washington Burned • Aug. 1814 – 4000 British landed in Chesapeake Bay & advanced to Washington • “Bladensburg Races” – 6000 panicky militia ran • British entered & burned capital • set fire to most of the public buildings including the capitol & the White House • British moved on to Baltimore • Beaten off by defenders of Fort McHenry • Francis Scott Key – “The Star-Spangled Banner”

12. Battle of New Orleans 1815 • Andrew Jackson & his hodgepodge forces defeat British; fight behind bales of hay. • Jackson becomes the hero of the west and a national celebrity. • Most devastating defeat of the entire war • Peace Treaty had been signed 2 weeks earlier • Naive citizens believed British signed treaty because of battle

13. The Treaty of Ghent 1814 • Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation. Why is he getting in on this? • 5 American peacemakers met in Ghent • John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay • British demands: • Neutralized Indian buffer state in Great Lakes region • Control of Great Lakes • Substantial part of Maine

14. Treaty of Ghent • 12-24-1814 basically an armistice • Agreement • Both sides agreed to stop fighting • Restore conquered territory • American Grievances were not addressed • Indian menace, search & seizure, Orders of Council, impressment, confiscations • Clear that America had not managed to defeat the British – virtual draw

15. States involved MA, CT, RI, NH, VT -- 26 delegates total Met in complete secrecy for 3 weeks Purpose – to discuss grievances & seek redress for wrongs Final Report Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for embargo, new states admitted, or war declared – except in case of invasion Arrived in Washington after Ghent Death of Federalist Party Hartford Convention 1814

16. 6000 Americans killed or wounded Republic had shown that it would resist what it regarded as grievous wrongs Nations developed a new respect for America Federalist Party died War heroes emerged –Jackson & Harrison Manufacturing prospered – industries less dependent on Europe Canadian patriotism & nationalism Rush-Bagot agreement –limited naval armament on lakes Results of War of 1812

17. Nationalism • Nationalism increased after the War of 1812 • Washington Irving & James Fenimore Cooper • Nation’s 1st writers to use American scenes & themes • North American Review 1815

18. Nationalistic Spirit • 1816 Congress revived Bank of the US • National capital began to rise from the ashes of Washington • Army was expanded to 10,000 men • 1815 – Naval victory in North Africa • Stephen Decatur – naval hero of War of 1812 & of the Barbary coast expeditions

19. Tariff of 1816 • Factories had mushroomed • British began to dump their bulging ware-houses on the US • Cutting their prices below cost to hurt American war-baby factories • Nationalist Congress responds • 1st protective tariff in American history • Instituted primarily for protection, not revenue • Started a trend for more protective tariffs

20. American System • Henry Clay’s plan for developing a profitable home market • 3 main parts • Strong banking system – provide easy & abundant credit • Protective tariff – eastern manufacturing would flourish • Network of roads & canals – knit country together economically & politically

21. Internal Improvements • 1817 Congress voted to distribute $1.5 million to states for internal improvements • Vetoed by measure as unconstitutional • States were forced to move ahead with their own programs • Erie Canal – New York/ 1825 • New England strongly opposed federally constructed roads & canals • Would drain away population & create competing states beyond the mountains

22. Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe – became president in 1817 • Part of the Virginia dynasty • Period of one-party rule • Monroe • 1817 – inspection of military defenses • Boston newspaper coined the term “Era of Good Feelings” • Somewhat misleading

23. Tariff Bank Internal improvements Sale of public lands Sectionalism Conflict over slavery Problems during the Era of Good Feelings

24. Panic of 1819 • Paralyzing economic panic • Results: • deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, & overcrowded pesthouses • West was especially hit hard • Foreclosures were common – bank became the financial devil • Imprisonment of debtors

25. Vermont - 1791 Kentucky - 1792 Tennessee – 1796 Ohio – 1803 Louisiana - 1812 Indiana – 1816 Mississippi – 1817 Illinois – 1818 Alabama - 1819 Growing Pains of the West9 frontier states joined the union

27. Westward Expansion • Cheap land • European immigrants • Land exhaustion in tobacco states • Speculators accepted small down payments making it easier to buy new holdings • Economic distress during embargo years • Defeat of Indian resistance opened virgin land • Building of highways improved land routes • Cumberland Road – 1811 – ran westward from Maryland to Illinois • Steamboat – 1811

28. Land Act of 1820 • West demanded: • Cheap acreage • Land Act of 1820 - Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash • Cheap transportation • Cheap money & fought the powerful Bank of US to attain its goal (Read p. 246 – 247)

29. Slavery & Sectional Balance • 1819 – Missouri applies for statehood • Tallmadge amendment passed • No new slaves & gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents in Missouri • Viewed as a threat to sectional balance by South • Defeated in Congress • Sectional Problems • 1788 – South & North equal in population & wealth • 1819 – North was becoming more populated & wealthier

31. Issue of Balance • 11 slave states & 11 free states – map p. 247 • Missouri – 1st state from Louisiana Territory • Would set a precedent for the rest of the area • Issue was political & economic balance

32. Missouri Compromise • 1820 – Henry Clay played major role in compromise • Missouri Compromise • Missouri – slave state • Maine – free state • Slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36°30’ (the southern boundary of Missouri)

34. Satisfied? • Both North & South yielded something, both gained something • Missouri Compromise • lasted 30 years • Preserved the shaky compact of the states • Ducked the question of slavery – it did not resolve it

35. James Monroe • Reelected in 1820 – received every electoral vote except one • Only president in American history to be reelected after a term in which a major financial panic began

36. John Marshall • Shaped the Constitution in the direction of a more potent central government at the expense of state’s rights • McCullouch v. Maryland (1819) • Denied the right of Maryland to tax Bank of the US • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) • Right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal gov’t

37. Marshall conti. • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • Legislative land grant was a contract & the Constitution forbids state laws “impairing” contracts • Protected property rights • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • Safe guarded business enterprise from domination by the state’s governments • Daniel Webster

38. Treaty of 1818 • Treaty with Britain • Permitted America to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canada • Fixed northern limits of Louisiana - 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods (Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains (p. 250) • 10 year joint occupation of Oregon country –no surrender of rights or claims

39. Florida • General Andrew Jackson – 1817 • Sent to Florida to punish outlaws • Hanged 2 Indians, executed 2 British subjects, & seized two Spanish posts: St. Marks & Pensacola • Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 (Adams – Onis Treaty) • Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon • America – abandon claims to Texas

40. Monroe Doctrine • Concern over Russian expansion in Alaska, Oregon, and even California • Monroe Doctrine 1823 proposed by Sec Adams • Era of colonization in America had ended • No more European intervention in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere • Expressed an increasing American sense of isolationism from world affairs & nationalism • No contemporary significance because the US could not enforce it • “Self Defense Doctrine”

41. Russo-American Treaty of 1824 • Fixed the southern most limits at the line of 54°40’ – the present southern tip of the Alaska panhandle • Settled before the Monroe Doctrine was issued