The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824

1. The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824 Chapter 12

2. “War Hawks” in the War of 1812 Henry Clay, KY John C. Calhoun, SC Felix Gundy, TN

3. Madison’s War Declaration Message • Madison asked Congress for a • Declaration of War against the British • June of 1812 • It became “Mr. Madison’s War.”

5. Nine World Wars

6. War of 1812

7. U.S.S. Constitution • Heavy frigate • Wooden hulled • Three-masted • Named by George • Washington • Oldest commissioned • ship in the world • Launched in 1797 • Battle with the • Guerrière • Earned her the • nickname • Old Ironsides • Home is Boston U.S.S. Constitution vs. Guerrière 1812 Heavily outweighed and outgunned, the British captain of the Guerrière (foolishly) sought combat. His ship was totally destroyed by the Constitution. Historian Henry Adams saidthisduel “raised the United States in one half hour to the rank of a first-class power in the world.”

8. War of 1812

9. War of 1812Major Battles

12. States and Territories 1812

13. General Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans

14. The Hartford Convention 1814 • Wanted financial compensation from the federal government for commercial losses as a result of the embargo and the war • Believed that the Constitution should be amended to require • A 2/3 vote before an embargo could be imposed • A 2/3 vote in Congress before new states could be admitted to the union • A 2/3 vote in congress before war was declared • Abolition of the 3/5 compromise • Excluding foreign born individuals from holding federal offices • Limit of the president to one term • Prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state

15. Signing of the Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814

16. John Quincy Adams • Son of John Adams • Sec. of State under Madison • Delegate to Treaty of Ghent • Delegate to Rush-Bagot Treaty • Author of the Monroe Doctrine • Sixth President of the U.S.

17. Evolution of Major Political Parties

19. The American System • Proposed by • Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun • Nationalists • A tariff • Internal Improvements • Bank of the United States (BUS)

20. Henry Clay • War Hawk in 1812 • Proposed the American System • Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams • “The Great Compromiser” • Negotiated the Missouri Compromise • Negotiated the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which stopped S.C. from seceding from the Union • Negotiated the Compromise of 1850 • Never president, but • An extremely influential part of American history

21. Lancaster Turnpike Considered the first turnpike in the U.S. It connected Philadelphia to Lancaster. Route 30 Lancaster Turnpike

22. Also shown on this map is Wilderness Road Daniel Boone discovered this Indian Path in 1769 In 1775 he had foresters build a path so that pioneer families could begin to settle into the West The National Road

23. Cumberland/National Road and Main Connections

24. The Erie Canal Roads were too expensive for transporting large shipments of agricultural products to urban markets and manufactured products to rural markets.

25. Erie Canal and Main Branches

26. Erie Canal

27. Robert Fulton’s Clermont 1807 Immediately following this demonstration, Robert Fulton, with his partner Robert R. Livingston, started commercial steamboat service on the Hudson River between New York City and Albany.

28. B & O Railroad Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) is one of the oldest railroads in the United States, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland west to the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia and Parkersburg, West Virginia.

29. Missouri Compromise 1820

30. The Missouri Compromise and Slavery 1820-1821

31. The Southeast 1810-1819

33. West and Northwest 1819-1824

34. Convention of 1818U.S.-British Boundary Settlement 1818

35. Monroe Doctrine 1823 • “Hands off the Americas” • Actually written by John Quincy Adams • Secretary of State

36. The Marshall Court • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1824) • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

37. Chief Justice John Marshall’s court • 1801-1835 • Decisions reflected the upsurge in nationalism • Bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states • Examples • McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 • Dartmouth College Case 1819 • Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Judicial Nationalism

38. McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 First Bank of the United States • Bank of the United States • Maryland taxed the Bank • Decision • “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution , an all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.” • National supremacy • Congress had the power to create the bank • Necessary and proper clause • Article I Section VIII • Implied powers • State cannot tax a federal agency (bank) • “power to tax involves power to destroy”

39. Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819 • New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College’s charter • Daniel Webster • Graduate of Dartmouth College • Attorney for Dartmouth College • Espoused the virtues of nationalism • Challenged states’ rights in the Senate • Challenged nullification • Marshall’s Decision • Original charter must stand; it is a contract • Constitution protects contracts against state encroachment • Article I Section X • Result • Safeguarded business enterprises from domination by the states’ governments

40. Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 • Steamboat case • New York state granted a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey to Ogden • Decision • Constitution conferred to Congress alone the control of interstate commerce • Article I Section VIII • Results • Emancipation Proclamation of Commerce • Defined commerce broadly • Not just buying and selling goods, but • transportation, communication, railroads, telegraph, gas, oil, travel, air • Broad powers to congress • Blow to states