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Marine Macroalgae

Marine Macroalgae. Primary Producers. Prokaryotes (photosynthetic & chemosynthetic) Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Eukaryotes (photosynthetic) Kingdom Protista Unicellular algae (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids) Multicellular algae (green, brown, red) Kingdom Plantae

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Marine Macroalgae

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  1. Marine Macroalgae

  2. Primary Producers • Prokaryotes (photosynthetic & chemosynthetic) • Domain Bacteria • Domain Archaea • Eukaryotes (photosynthetic) • Kingdom Protista • Unicellular algae (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids) • Multicellular algae (green, brown, red) • Kingdom Plantae • Seagrasses • Salt marsh plants • Mangroves

  3. Macroalgae • Are not plants (are in Kingdom Protista) http://atlasveg.ib.usp.br/English/focara.html

  4. Macroalgae Bull kelp, Washington

  5. Macroalgae • Three kinds: • Chlorophyta (green) • Phaeophyta (brown) • Rhodophyta (red) http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mex/background/seaweeds/seaweeds.html

  6. Chlorophytes Long Island types ← Sea lettuce (Ulva) Dead Man’s Fingers (Codium) Gutweed (Enteromorpha) • Mostly freshwater (only 10% species are marine) • Chlorophyll a & b http://www.eserc.stonybrook.edu:8080/FlaxPondDigitalLibrary/2004/images/FPDL20040094.jpg

  7. Chlorophytes • Bubble green algae http://www.wetwebmedia.com/Algae%20and%20Plt%20Pix/Green%20Algae/Dictyospheria/dicty.jpg http://ocean.si.edu/sites/default/files/imagecache/750xX/photos/Ventricaria-ventricosaFS_1.jpg

  8. Chlorophytes • Calcareous green algae: Acetabularia,Penicillus, Halimeda http://coexploration.org/bbsr/coral/assets/images/acetabularia.jpg http://www.cbl.umces.edu/~scharler/mangnets/SppListMAcroAlgae.htm

  9. Chlorophytes • Calcareous green algae plates become large part of sediment http://coralreefsystems.org/sites/coralreefsystems.org/files/u8/halimeda-opuntia2_350.jpg http://coralreefsystems.org/sites/coralreefsystems.org/files/u8/halimeda_sand_350.jpg

  10. Phaeophytes • Chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthin (yellow-brown pigment) • Almost all species are marine • Most live in temperate to cold water Rockweed (Fucus) Knotted wrack (Ascophyllum) http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/41979.jpg

  11. Phaeophytes Gulfweed (Sargassum) andSargasso Sea http://www.flickr.com/photos/31124758@N00/37043533/lightbox/ http://floridasportfishing.com/magazine/images/stories/tips-tales/weedline-wonders3.jpg http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources-rx/images/1008/wireweed-close-up-490_35195_1.jpg http://www.bigelow.org/bacteria/teach/images/open_orgs/sargassum.jpg

  12. Phaeophytes • Gulfweed (Sargassum) inhabitants http://ocean.si.edu/slideshow/world-adrift-life-sargassum

  13. Kelp Communities North Atlantic kelps: • Blades up to 40 ft long in deeper water • Found in lower intertidal and subtidal zones

  14. Kelp Communities http://www.fisherycrisis.com/Galleries/weedgallery.htm

  15. Kelp Communities US West Coast and elsewhere – giant kelp (Macrocystis) gas sacs – pneumatocysts

  16. Kelp Communities • Stipes to up to 100 m length (330 ft) • Grow fast, up to 50 cm/day (=20 in/day) • Blades, stipes form canopy when reach the surface – blocks light below

  17. Kelp Communities

  18. Kelp Communities http://blackcormorant.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/kelpurchins_415_030.jpg http://www.otterproject.org/atf/cf/%7B1032ABCB-19F9-4CB6-8364-2F74F73B3013%7D/Otter_image4.jpg

  19. Kelp Communities • When otter populations decline, urchins increase • Urchins overgraze, cut through holdfasts, stipes • Kelp sent adrift, strand on beach • Bottom left barren http://sbc.lternet.edu/sites/biome_kelpforest.html

  20. Rhodophytes • More species than green and brown algae combined • Almost all species are marine • More in subtropics and tropics • Chlorophyll a & d, phycobilins (red pigment) Irish moss (Chondrus) (Gracilaria) http://www.freakinfucus.co.uk/primers/thumbs/chon_2.jpg

  21. Rhodophytes • Shallow to deep (200m) 75m (225 ft) 100m (300 ft) NOAA

  22. Rhodophytes • Coralline/calcareous (CaCO3) – erect and encrusting forms NOAA http://www.saltwater-aquarium-online-guide.com/image-files/coralline.jpg

  23. Rhodophytes • Coralline/calcareous (CaCO3) – Goniolithon shoals http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5068/5645284780_27bf5a99f6_b.jpg

  24. Important Algae • Food – raw, cooked, dry • Laver(Porphyra) – nori in sushi • Dulse (Palmaria) - dried • Wakame – seaweed salad, miso soup http://landsofwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/dulse.jpg http://www.algaebase.org http://www.seaweedsalad.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/10/files/2012/01/japanese-seaweed-salad.jpg

  25. Important Algae • Commercial uses - stabilize, emulsify, thicken • Algin, alginate from giant kelp • Carrageenan from Irish moss • Agar from various red algae http://site.innovationestore.com/images/image-310.php?id=70200748229 http://www.functionalps.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/b.jpg

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