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EG5503 GIS & Earth Observation

EG5503 GIS & Earth Observation. Applications. TOPICS. Quantitative remote sensing Rainfall estimation Proxy Air Temperature Agriculture Disaster Management Human Health Hydrodynamics. Quantitative remote sensing?. Estimation of a physical quantity Proxy environmental variables

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EG5503 GIS & Earth Observation

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  1. EG5503GIS & Earth Observation Applications

  2. TOPICS • Quantitative remote sensing • Rainfall estimation • Proxy Air Temperature • Agriculture • Disaster Management • Human Health • Hydrodynamics

  3. Quantitative remote sensing? • Estimation of a physical quantity • Proxy environmental variables • Application driven • Less science and more operational • Makes use of algorithms • Interfaces with environmental models

  4. Applications that use quantitative RS • Agriculture • NDVI, temperature, rainfall • Health • NDVI, temperature, rainfall, dust, wind • Hydrology • Rainfall • Climate change • NDVI, temperature, rainfall • Weather forecasting • Winds, rainfall

  5. Rainfall estimation • Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) using Meteosat • Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission using radar (TRMM) • Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) rainfall measurement using microwave instruments

  6. Rainfall estimation Cold Cloud Duration (CCD): • Pioneered by work of Lethbridge, 1967 • Became an operational system thanks to Milford and Dugdale at TAMSAT (University of Reading) • Based on relationship between period during which convective cloud tops are below a specific threshold and rainfall measured beneath them

  7. Rainfall estimation Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): • TRMM mission is a joint US/Japan effort coordinated by NASDA (National Space Development Agency of Japan) • TRMM was launched in 1997 – with an initial mission life of 3 years • TRMM data is relayed to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)

  8. Rainfall estimation Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): • Precipitation Radar (PR) • TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) • Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) • Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) • Lightning Image Sensor (LIS)

  9. Rainfall estimation Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I): • System coordinated by NOAA • Became operational in 1987 • Uses a 7-channel passive microwave radiometer

  10. Rainfall estimation Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I): Data collected from the SSM/I are used to estimate severalgeophysical parameters including: • Rainfall Rate • Rainfall Frequency • Cloud Liquid Water • Cloudiness Frequency • Total Precipitable Water • Snow Cover • Sea-Ice • Sampling Frequency • Ocean Surface Wind Speed (1.0 degree only!)

  11. Proxy Air Temperature • LST (land surface temperature) may be converted to a proxy air temperature by means of a solar correction algorithm • Knowing the position of the Sun at the time an image is acquired allows the LST to be transformed into a proxy for air temperature (approx 1m above the ground)

  12. Introduction • Agriculture is big business • A nation’s food supply affects both its economic status and political stability • In Europe and the US the greatest concern is profit and getting crops to market and obtaining a good price – whilst staying cheap • In the developing world the issue is food security and the wellbeing of the population

  13. Introduction • Monitoring of crops from space or aircraft aids decision making • When to irrigate and what fertilizer is needed • Management of crop rotation and set-aside • Most large-scale commercial farms are so large that monitoring cannot be made on foot so remote sensing is the clear choice

  14. Spectral signatures of sugar cane species. Source: Galvao et al, 2005

  15. Disaster Management • Wildfires Volcanic eruptions • Avalanche Tsunami • Earthquake Landslides • Flooding Extreme weather • Drought Disease • Refugees Military Uses of RS for Disaster Management

  16. Disaster Management PLANNING MITIGATION Monitoring situations Deployment of resources Decision-making Public relations Modelling Assessment Prediction Contingency COST EFFECTIVENESS !!!

  17. Disaster Management PLANNING Disaster Management LEARNING MITIGATION

  18. QuickBird used extensively throughout Asian Tsunami Disaster

  19. Human Health • Health and disease often has a spatial component • Climatic, environmental and socio-economic variables affect health • Epidemics and outbreaks spread across a region – either as a function of movement of people or environmental factors

  20. NOAA-AVHRR station: Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)

  21. Rainfall maps from Cold Cloud Duration - Meteosat

  22. NDVI and proportion of children testing positive for P. falciparum

  23. Ancilliary geographical information

  24. Malaria Model prevalence and ERA rainfall

  25. Hydrodynamics stream stream stream river river river stream estuary THE SEA

  26. Hydrodynamics From DeMers, 2002

  27. Hydrodynamics From DeMers, 2002

  28. Further Reading Cresswell MP, Morse AP, Thomson MC and Connor SJ. (1999). Estimating surface air temperatures from Meteosat land surface temperatures using an empirical solar zenith angle model. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 20 (6), 1125-1132. Lethbridge M. (1967). Precipitation probability and satellite radiation data. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 95 (7), 487-490 Milford J and Dugdale G. (1990). Estimation of rainfall using geostationary satellite data. In Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture. Edited by Steven M and Clark J. Published by Butterworths, London Dugdale G, Hardy S and Milford J. (1991). Daily catchment rainfall estimated from Meteosat. Hydrological Processes, Vol 5, 261-270

  29. Further Reading TRMM Website: http://www.eorc.nasda.go.jp/TRMM/index_e.htm SSM/I Website: http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/ssmi_instrument.gd.html/ TAMSAT (CCD Rainfall) Website: http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/tamsat/

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