Managing Diversity, Integration And Inclusion In OPENCities

1. Managing Diversity, Integration And Inclusion In OPENCities Greg Clark June 2010

2. Managing diversity, integration and inclusion in OPENCities is one of a suite of four thematic publications which form the core knowledge base of the OPENCities project. The series so far comprises of three reports, each adding a different perspective to the issue of openness in cities: Diagnostic Paper. Understanding OPENCities. Internationalisation of OPENCities. Leadership and Governance of OPENCities.

3. Paper3. Managing Diversity, Integration And Inclusion In OPENCities • ‘Managing Diversity, Integration and Inclusion in OPENCities’ addresses issues which arise as a result of increasing openness. • Task of this paper - to focus on how cities manage their diversity to avoid segregation and polarisation, encouraging integration & inclusion. • The paper seeks to essentially answer four questions: • What is urban population diversity and how is it produced? • Does being an open city mean becoming more visibly diverse? • How do our seven case study cities illustrate the significance of openness and diversity? • Do they show different forms and characters of urban population diversity?

4. New York • New York City’s population diversity in figures: • Over 3 million foreign-born immigrants currently live in New York. • Population Diversity - Dominican Republic (350,000), the Caribbean (28%), Asia (25%), Latin America (100,000) and Europe (17%). • Highest language density in the world. 170 common languages, but as many as 800 (including rare) languages are spoken. • Case Study Initiative:Thurgood Marshall Academy (TMA) for Learning and Social Change: • Run by ADC. TMA opened in 1993 in Central Harlem - 100 students in 6th & 7th grades. • February 2004 - new building – now 400 pupils & vibrant community centre. • August 2009 – ADC selected as 1 of four to deliver the Deutsche Bank Americas Foundation (DBAF) College Ready Communitiesinitiative for middle and high schools. • Case Study Initiative:The Abyssinian Head Start Program (AHSP): • Run by ADC. Federally-funded programme - early education as a means to tackle long-term poverty. • Focussing on children aged 3-5. • 40% of ADC’s participants are immigrant families. • Programme prioritises an effort to embed the varied cultures into the curriculum.

5. Mumbai • Mumbai’s population diversity in figures: • Population of 3 million in 1950. • 2010 – population - 14 million, metropolitan population - > 21 million. • 30-40% migrants in Mumbai from the surrounding state of Maharashtra. • > 5 million of the city’s population did not originate from Mumbai. •  Case Study Initiative: Mumbai Mobile Crèches (MMC): • 40% of construction labourers live on construction sites in Mumbai. • MMC inaugurated in 1969 – supports young children of these migrants. • MMC nurtures most vulnerable of all Mumbaikars - providing schooling, healthcare & mentoring to children aged 0-14 years old. • Day centres - pillar of support for their local communities • Support provided in 3 areas: i) Education; ii) Health and nutrition; iii) Community outreach and embedment. • 26 day centres across the city, MMC engaged with over 5500 children in 2008-9.

6. Sydney • Sydney’s population diversity in figures: • 2006 Census - 35% Sydney’s 4.5 million population born outside Australia. • Less than two-thirds of population speak English at home. • Immigration set to contribute significantly to Sydney’s projected rise to a 6 million population by the mid 2030s. • Case Study Initiative: The Cultural Diversity Strategy, 2008-2011: • Sydney’s blueprint for celebrating & supporting inner-city’s cultural diversity over medium term. • Strategy fits well with the wider city’s sustainable development plan, Sustainable Sydney 2030. • Strategy details six core objectives – emphasise celebration of diversity, expansion of participation both at council-level and in local communities, improved public services for immigrants, and social sustainability. • Each objective broken down into 6-8 further strands of activity. • Each strand broken down into specific actions - departmental responsibility, timescale and resources. • Progress reviewed annually.

7. Barcelona • Barcelona’s population diversity in figures: • Population not as high as the 1970s peak of 1.9 million. • In 2010 – population – 1.7 million - much of population recovery due tom immigration. • 2001 – 2008 - immigrant population grew from 3% to 17% of city’s total population. • 250,000 foreign-born immigrants now in city. • Case Study Initiative: Porta22 • Conceived & implemented by Barcelona Activa, Porta22 is an interactive employment information service allowing users to diagnose their own skill sets & match them to employment opportunities in the city. • Bespoke career development tool which is accessible, impartial, anonymous and free to all, including migrant population. • 2009 OECD LEED Programme review - ‘the sophistication of the Porta22 system, its objectives and the impressive amount of information available is unique in the world.’ • Since its inception in 2003, more than 100,000 people have used Porta22’s facilities.

8. Los Angeles • Los Angeles’ population diversity in figures: • ‘Minority majority’ metropolis – 50% residents Latinos (3x U.S. av.), 10% Asian descent. • 30% LA’s population Anglophone white, less than 40% only speak English at home. • 2008 - 40% of the inner city population foreign-born. • Case Study Initiative: The Los Angeles Minority Business Enterprise Center (MBEC): • L.A. MBEC – inaugurated 1996 - operated by University Of Southern California Business Expansion Network. • Mission - ‘Increase the participation of ethnically owned businesses in the free enterprise system by providing consulting services, access to market opportunities, business financing and advanced business training.’ • Specifically targets assisting minority-owned business - 51% owned by ethnic minorities & located in Los Angeles or Ventura County; business must also have $500,000 or more in revenues. • Advice & service in 4 areas: Procurement, business training, financing and consulting. • Works with a broad range of public and private partners. • Since 1996 - L.A. MBEC assisted over 1,200 local minority business enterprises in securing over $140 million in finance and procurement transactions.

9. London • London’s population diversity in figures: • A “city of contrast, home to the ‘Square Mile’, the world’s leading international financial and business centre as well as some of the most disadvantaged areas and communities in the UK.” • 30.2% of London’s population belong to non-white ethnic groups (compared to 10.5% in the rest of England) 44% of the city’s residents are aged between 20 and 44 years-old. • Case Study Initiative: Diversity Works for London (DWfL): • Created March 2005 - administered by LDA - £9.8 million grant for four years. • DWfL - provider of diversity expertise for London’s businesses • It ‘engages with businesses to produce a step change in their diversity practices, achieving a London where they harness the benefits of a diverse workforce, marketplace and supplier base and provide all Londoners with equal life chances.’ • DWfL Gold Standard Diversity System consists of four component parts: • i) The Gold Standards. • ii) The Gold Standard Diversity Toolkit. • iii) Gold Standard Diversity Accreditation. • Business support. • Strongest impacts - reinforcement of diversity as a business imperative.

10. Hong Kong • Hong Kong’s population diversity in figures: • 2008 - population of Hong Kong grew by 0.8% to 7.03 million. • 2006 - city’s ethnic make-up - Chinese (95%), White (0.5%), Filipino (1.6%) and Indonesian (1.3%), amongst others. • City has two official languages: Chinese and English. • Case Study Initiative: Bi-literalism and tri-lingualism in Hong Kong: • Mandarin – v. important given strengthening economic linkages with rest of China. • Cantonese - mother tongue of 90% of population. • Hong Kong pursuing bi-literate and tri-lingual policy with English a critical component. • SCOLAR - Action Plan to Raise Language Standards in Hong Kong (2003) - Focussed on four key themes: language education in schools, professional development of language teachers, language training for working adults and community-wide promotion. • January 2009 – Schools allowed higher degree of discretion choosing their teaching language after prohibitive 1998 reform. • July 2006 - Legislative Council of Hong Kong re-emphasised that policy of civil service is to maintain a “fully bi-literate (Chinese and English) and trilingual (Cantonese, Putonghua and English) civil service.

11. Diversity Matters • Agenda around diversity, integration and inclusion - a business and economic imperative. • At best, diversity is identified and communicated within and to the outside world as a real and tangible asset to the city. • Challenges associated with diverse populations? Perceived as disproportionate drain on city resources, actual drain on city resources, segregation and ghettoisation, violence and xenophobia. • Diversity can offer benefits in the following areas: • Labour pool advantages • Creation of new markets • Creativity and entrepreneurism • Talent attraction • Attracting international firms • Diversity management – complex, needs to be joined-up, co-ordinated, bottom up, top down, strategic and practical, local and global.

12. Common Lessons Focus on the positive contribution that international talent and migrants can make to city economies. The City must take a leadership role. Innovation and flexibility is essential to effective service delivery. Develop your approach with the human-scale at centre-stage. Scale up your successful initiatives. Most initiatives should work on both sides of the equation. International populations require targeted differentiated approaches. Focus on what will work for the duration of a business cycle. Smart evaluation is needed to enhance effectiveness. Diversity management can be addressed indirectly.