Social Development

1. Social Development http://www.instadv.ucsb.edu/pw/images/family-viewing-maps.jpg http://www.instadv.ucsb.edu/pw/images/family-viewing-maps.jpg http://www.rugratonline.com/arnold.htm

3. Ethnology • Environmental cues that prompt responses • Konrad Lorenz • imprinting

4. Attachment (Bowlby): • An affectionate tie formed between two individuals • Binds them together, and endures over time • Universal aspect of development • Requires the opportunity for the parent and child to develop mutual, interlocking patterns of behavior • Most adults respond instinctively to infants, and vice versa • Theoretical Underpinning • Attachment only occurs when the behaviors become interlocking “synchrony”

5. Phases of Attachment • Undiscriminating responsiveness: • Birth to 2 or 3 months of age (faces) • Discriminating responsiveness: • 2 or 3 months to 6 or 7 months (“familiars”) • Active Proximity Seeking: • 6 or 7 months to 36 months • Actively seeks contact with specific individuals • Goal-Directed Partnerships: • 3+ years • At this point relationships take on more of a give-and-take quality http://www.hmhb.org/wpb/Images/mother-baby.jpg

6. Components of Attachment • Separation Anxiety: • Emerges at about 8 months of age • Peaks at about 18 months of age • Universal aspect of development • Stranger Anxiety: • At 7 or 8 months an infant may stare at strangers, then turn away • By 10 months infants may cry if strangers approach or try to pick them up • Not a universal part of development • Some infants never show stranger anxiety

7. Assessing Attachment • Strange Situation (Ainsworth) • Total procedure lasts about 20 minutes • During the procedure mother leaves the room twice • First time infant ( around 12 months old) is left with a stranger; second time infant is left alone • Pattern of behavior is assessed http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/ewaters/vitae/MDA_irv2.jpg

9. Harlow Studies • Emotional Attachment • Contact comfort • Security • Permanence • Challenged institutional care for children

10. Styles of Parenting • Key Dimensions: • Emotional responsiveness • warm and responsive • hostile and rejecting • Parental control • restrictive and demanding • permissive and undemanding http://www.nichd.nih.gov/sids/images/graphic4.gif

11. Baumrind’s Work: • Initially Baumrind identified three groups of children: • energetic-friendly • conflicted-irritable • impulsive-aggressive • Children’s behavior correlated with the parenting style they experienced http://ihd.berkeley.edu/images/baumrind.jpg

12. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

13. Impact of Socioeconomic Status: • Low-SES parents tend to place more emphasis on respect and obedience to authority • This may translate into an authoritarian parenting style • High-SES parents tend to place more emphasis on the development of internal control • This may translate into an authoritative parenting style http://www.johncampbell.org/images/accountant.jpg http://www.onlyo.com/photography/singapore/construction%20worker.JPG

14. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

15. Marital Relationships http://www.flausa.com/images/romance/Marriage.jpg http://www.polfed.org/magazine/05_2001/images/divorce.jpg

16. Udry: "Selection filter" model of courtship and marriage: Pool of "eligibles" | | | | V V Propinquity filter | | | | V V Attractiveness filter | | | | V V Social background filter | | | | V V Consensus filter | | | | V V Complementarity filter | | | | V V L O V E H E A R T S A N D M O R E L O V E H E A R T S

17. Marital satisfaction changes • Quality measures change • Sexual intimacy v. psychological intimacy • Partners become more similar • Gender and life satisfaction • Those that survive and are happy and like each other • Strong sense of well being http://www.creighton.edu/~jaypl/features/grandparents/Img_4419s.jpg

18. Divorce Statistics: • 40-50% of marriages end in divorce • 60% of divorces involve children • 35% of children experience a parent’s remarriage • 62% of remarriages end in divorce http://www.singlesrights.com/images/images/divorce.jpg

19. Remarriage: • Stepparents may use different styles of parenting, which can produce family stress • Children may regard the step-relatives as “intruders” into the family • Adjustment is most difficult for girls and older children/adolescents http://www.theweddingmarch.com/articles/photos/remarry.jpg

20. Social Disengagement • Empty Nest • Retirement • Displacement • Assisted Living • Institutional Care

21. Well Being

22. Factors for Well Being

23. Marital Satisfaction and the Family Life Cycle 56 Rollins-Feldman 55 Locke-Wallace 54 53 52 Satisfaction 51 50 Blood-Wolfe 49 British study 48 47 46 Marriedwithoutchildren Child-bearing Pre-school children, oldest 5 Schoolchildrenoldest5-12 Teenagers oldest12-16 First child gone to last leavinghome Emptynest to retirement Emptynest todeath of first spouse file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Teacher/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/KT8D6RK5/325,17,Gender and Well-Being in Sixteen Nations

24. Closure • Developmental theorists share a few common ideas. • Identify two common ideas • Describe how these common ideas can exist • Evaluate the idea of “stages” and support your position with a piece of research from the chapter