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THE RISE OF AMERICAN BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, & LABOR: 1865—1920.

THE RISE OF AMERICAN BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, & LABOR: 1865—1920. The US develops a prosperous new economy based on the mass production of goods. . Key Terms. Transcontinental Railroad : effort to link the railroads across the US to increase trade and ease of movement.

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THE RISE OF AMERICAN BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, & LABOR: 1865—1920.

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  1. THE RISE OF AMERICAN BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, & LABOR: 1865—1920. The US develops a prosperous new economy based on the mass production of goods.

  2. Key Terms • Transcontinental Railroad: effort to link the railroads across the US to increase trade and ease of movement. • Sharecropper: Former slaves who worked the plantation land & turned over crop and profit. • Monopoly: When one business has complete control of a field of business. • Trust: Group of corporations agreeing to act under one board of directors. Illegal. • Andrew Carnegie: Steel Industry, Pittsburgh. • John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil • JP Morgan: Banking, loans. US Steel. • Henry Ford: moving assembly line production of automobiles.

  3. Key Terms • Laissez Faire: “Hands Off”. Supported by Adam Smith. Government stays away from involvement with business. • Robber Baron: gain wealth by ruthless means • Munn v. Illinois: • Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific v. Illinois: • Sherman Anti-Trust Act: 1890, prohibits monopolies by declaring trusts “in restraint of commerce” • US v E.C. Knight Company: • Unions: Workers acting together to gain advances in hours, wages, benefits. • Knights of Labor: Terrence Powderly, skilled / unskilled workers.

  4. Key Terms • AFL: American Federation of Labor, unions of skilled workers. • International Ladies’ Garment Workers union: Response to the Triangle Shirtwaist Tragedy, fight for working conditions in garment industry. • Haymarket Riot: 1886 bombing blamed on Knights of Labor, killed 7 police officers in Chicago. • Homestead Strike: Carnegie Workers protest wage cuts, violence leads to 16 deaths.

  5. Key Supreme Court Cases • Munn v. Illinois (1877): grain elevator rates. State can regulate property that affects “public interest”. • Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway v. Illinois (1886): States cannot regulate interstate railroads. • United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895):Gov. has the right to restrict monopolies. • In re Debs (1895): People, property, mail. Congress can intervene in Monopolies.

  6. Economic Developments in the North • Industrialization accelerates after the Civil War. • Improvements in Railroads, steel, mines. • Transcontinental Railroad completed 1869.

  7. Transcontinental Railroad--1869

  8. Economic Developments in the South • War ruins Southern economy. • Ends slavery, kills plantation system. • New South: Railroads, textiles, mills. • Sharecropping. • Mass migration of blacks to the North.

  9. Business Developments • Rise of CORPORATIONS due to increased capital, stocks, dividends, investment. Involved risk, but possibility of tremendous gains. CAPITALISM RAILROAD, STEEL, COAL, OIL, ELECTRICITY

  10. Coal, Oil, Steel

  11. Business Organization • Monopoly: Complete control over a particular field of business. (EC Knight Sugar Company) • Vertical Control all of the aspects of the product. -Meat industry controls cattle, slaughterhouses, packing plants, delivery wagons. -Purchase companies at all levels of production…

  12. Horizontal Integration (monopoly) Oil Company #1 + Oil Company #2 + Oil Company #3 = GIANT OIL COMPANY WHICH CONTROLS THE MARKET. -Prices, Jobs, supply Pools, Trusts, Holding Companies. All ways of keeping owners in control and fixing prices/competition.

  13. Entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie: Steel Industry, Pittsburgh. Carnegie Steel John D. Rockefeller: Oil Refining Business. Standard Oil (1882) owns 90% American refining $815,647,796.89at death…40 million / year salary. JP Morgan: Financier & US Steel (1901) World’s largest Steel Company. Henry Ford: Assembly Line, mass production Captains of Industry??? OR…..Robber Barons?

  14. Andrew Carnegie J.P. Morgan JD Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt

  15. Attitudes towards Business • Laissez-Faire: “Hands off” Government has no right to interfere in Business. • FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM. (Adam Smith, invisible hand theory) • SOCIAL DARWINISM • Fair? Unfair?

  16. Sherman Anti-Trust Act--1890 • Prohibits Monopolies. • Response to Standard Oil • Any combination which “is in restraint of trade or commerce” • Circumvented by EC Knight, and “holding companies”

  17. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Over 100 women die in 1911 fire. • Leads to safety reforms in the private industry. • Triangle Fire

  18. LABOR ORGANIZATIONS • Due to power of owners, Unions are formed to protect workers. • Knights of Labor (1869): Terrence Powderly. Haymarket Riot leads to decline. 7 policeman killed.

  19. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • 1886: Samuel Gompers, skilled workers. By 1900, most powerful Union in the USA. • 1900: ILGWU to protect sweatshop workers.

  20. Labor Conflict • Strikes, violence. • Great Railway Strike 1877. • Haymarket Riot 1886. • Homestead Strike 1892: Carnegie Steel, 16 people killed. • Pullman Strike 1894: President Cleveland sends in Federal Troops to end strike. (In re Debs)

  21. Pullman Strike

  22. Key Terms, Urbanization • Tenements: multifamily housing, poorly maintained. • Political Machines: gain support of immigrants, leads to political corrpution in cities. • Urbanization: Development of modern cities. Many positives and negatives. • Immigration: People entering your country from another. • Old Immigration: colonies-1850. (N/W Europe, Ireland, Germany) • New Immigration: S/E Europe. Italy, Poland, Russia. 1870-1924. • Nativism: native born Americans were superior to immigrants.

  23. Key Terms, Urbanization • Melting Pot Theory: People from various cultures meet in US to form a New Culture. Old cultures are surrendered to form a “new” culture. • Assimilation: Immigrants give up native language, traditions. “Americanize” • Cultural Pluralism: (Salad Bowl) Groups do not lose their distinctive cultures.

  24. Immigration • OLD:(until 1850) Northern and Western Europe (Britain, Ireland, Germany) • NEW:(1850-1924) South/East Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia)

  25. Immigration, terms. • “Melting Pot” • Assimilation: become “Americanized” • Cultural Pluralism: Salad Bowl Theory • “Know Nothing” Party: exlude immigrants • Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 • “Gentleman’s Agreement”: Ends Japanese immigration in 1907. • National Origins Act 1924: favors N/W immigrants. • Labor unions: NATIVISTS….WHY???

  26. Buffalo, the First Ward Grain Elevators

  27. Immigration, Pictures

  28. Ellis Island

  29. Thomas Nast—Attacks Tamany Hall, Boss Tweed

  30. Gangs of NY GW Plunkitt

  31. TEST REVIEW TERMS… • RECONSTRUCTION (13,14,15 amendments) • Lincoln, Johnson, Republicans • Due Process, Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson • THE MOVE WEST • Homestead, Natives, Indian Wars, • INDUSTRIALIZATION • Why? Where? Effects? Robber Barron/C.O.I. • Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan • Monopolies, Trusts, Pools, Sherman • Unions, conditions, strikes • IMMIGRATION • New/Old • Challenges, TERMS

  32. REVIEW • http://www.phschool.com/curriculum_support/brief_review/us_history/tests.html?unit=3&number=35

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