Age of Imperialism

1. Age of Imperialism Western hegemony and its impact

2. British India

3. Motives • Nationalist Competition • Britain not only wants India for herself, but also wants to keep it out of French hands • Industrial: Goods and Markets • India is rich in raw materials (e.g. cotton) that are critical to British factories • India’s huge population can become a market to sell finished goods too (e.g. textiles)

4. Keys to Conquest • Division on the Subcontinent • Political: No one centralized group strong enough; British play one side off the other • Religious: Hindu-Muslim split • Native Support • Sepoys • Case Study: Battle of Plassey

5. Imperial Administration • British Raj • Presidencies: Madras, Calcutta, Bombay • Princely States • Viceroy of India • CCOT • East India Company (“nabobs”) to the British Raj

6. Reaction and Resistance • Sepoy Mutiny (1857) • Sparked by an ammunition controversy, Hindu and Muslim sepoys rebelled • Huge number of states revolted, only put down by the British with much time and trouble • Indian Nationalism • Ram Mohun Roy • Indian National Congress and the Muslim League

7. Impacts • “Jewel in the Crown” • Wealth derived from India makes it the centerpiece of the global British Empire • Westernization in India • European values, education, and technology are spread in India • Abolition of sati; Ease of Hindu-Muslim tensions • British exploitation and Indian suffering • Economic: British destroy native industry and place punishing taxes on farmers • Political: Indians lack basic legal rights and are forbidden from any significant role in government

8. Southeast Asia

9. Motives • Ports • Access to goods (e.g. spices) and trade routes of the Asian sea trading network • Plantations • Control farms growing tropical fruits with coerced labor • “Scramble Effect” • Nationalist competition between groups like England and France leads them to grab what territories they can

10. Keys to Conquest • Military Technology • Not just firearms, but also heavily armed naval vessels that could strike coastal areas with impunity

11. Imperial Administration • Case Study: French Indochina • Direct Rule: French governor-general rules over entire region from capital of Hanoi by coercion of local rulers • Assimilation: French Catholics active in missionary activities, and French officials encourage upper class Vietnamese to adopt French culture

12. Reaction and Resistance • Case Study: Siam (Thailand) • Thai King Mongkut imports British teacher (Anna Leonowens) to tutor his son • Prince Chulalongkorn eventually abolishes slavery in his domains • Significance • Westernization • “Buffer Zone”: Siam one of only a few countries to escape European domination in this period

13. Impacts • Westernization • Catholicism in Vietnam, Abolition of slavery in Siam • Social and Economic Problems • Restructuring of economy around European demands (e.g. cash crops grown instead of food) • Abuse of natives (coerced labor, deaths from colonial wars, impoverishment of lower classes)

14. Africa“The Dark Continent”

15. Motives • Economic: Trade and Industry • Desire for raw materials or other important products for Europe • Examples: Nigeria = palm oil, Congo = rubber • Religious • Christian missionaries more active on Africa than probably any other imperialized region • Scramble Effect • European nations carve up Africa into territories by establishing rules for domination of the continent • Berlin Conference (1884-85)

16. Keys to Conquest • Weapons • Repeating rifles and Maxim guns used with deadly efficiency • Example: Maji Maji Rebellion • Quinine • Chemical provides Europeans with some basic protection against malaria, though it still took a devastating toll

17. Imperial Administration • Case Study: French West Africa • Direct: French Governor General in Dakar, Senegal, overseas administration of lieutenant governor for each of the 8 colonies • Assimilation: French language and dress encouraged for all inhabitants • Case Study: British Nigeria • Indirect: Conquered rulers submit to British High Commissioner, but are still in charge of ruling their people • Question: Does every Nigerian group have a ruler? So what do the British have to do?

18. Reaction and Resistance • West Africa • Samori Toure’s guerilla resistance • South Africa • Battle of Isandhlwana (Chapter Intro Story) • Ethiopia • Defeat of Italians in Battle of Adowa allows it to remain only independent African state (Note on Liberia)

19. Impacts • Additions • Modernization: Western technology introduced into Sub-Saharan Africa • Trade: African products (not slaves!) now in demand by world market • Religion: Christianity adopted by many and begins to have a large cultural impact • Problems • Death: Colonial wars and abuses of people kill millions • Economic: African economies become dependent on Europe and are taken advantage of • Loss of culture: Local languages displaced by European tongues, for example

20. Pacific

21. Motives • Ports • Trade: Refueling stations on the way to China and Japan • Military: Assert influence on Asia • Plantations • Tropical products • Example: Sugar and Pineapples from Hawaii • Pride • Manifest Destiny: Americans meant to spread freedom by conquering others

22. Keys to Success • See SE Asia

23. Imperial Administration • Case Study: Hawaii • American settlement and the Dole Corporation • Queen Liliuokalani • Republic of Hawaii • Annexation by the United States (1898) • Case Study: Philippines • Spanish American War (1898) • Philippine-American War (1899-1902) • Territorial Rule

24. Resistance • Philippine American War (1899-1902) • Emilio Aguinaldo’s guerilla movement • American counter-insurgency • Thought question: What does this sound like?

25. Impacts • Westernization • Example: Tim Tebow in the Philippines • Long Term Political Control • Hawaii becomes and American state, many other areas still U.S. possessions • Problems • See Africa…