American History 14th Edition

1. Alan Brinkley American History14th Edition CHAPTER 2 Transplantations and Borderlands

2. English Settlement in the ChesapeakeWhat Can You Tell About This Group of People and Their Purpose?

3. English Settlement in the Chesapeake

4. English Settlement in the Chesapeake

5. English Settlement in the Chesapeake • The Ordeal of Early Virginia • Sponsored by the Virginia Company (also known as London Company), the Jamestown colony was founded in 1607 but often teetered on the brink of failure due to disease, an inability to produce food supplies, and poor management. • Intent was to search for gold, not settlement

6. Jamestown Colony • Many settlers fell ill from disease • “Gentlemen” refused to do work • Not prepared to survive on their own • Relied on the local Powhatan Indians for survival

7. Jamestown Colony - John Smith • Negotiated with the Powhatan to obtain access to more food • Implemented a “no work, no food” policy in the colony • Returned to England in 1609

8. Jamestown Colony – “Stinking Weed” • Tobacco saved the colony from financial disaster. • Provided Virginia with profitable commodity and shaped almost all aspects of colonial development from land settlement patterns to recruitment of colonists • John Rolfe developed a new strain of tobacco that flourished in Virginia • Created a labor shortage • Resulted in the introduction of the “headright” system: • Gave land to anyone who would pay the transportation costs of an indentured servant • Led to the arrival of the first African slaves

9. Indenture Servants in the Chesapeake • The need for labor led to the development of the indentured servant system that promised free passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor. • Indenture did not serve as a ladder to a better life as most servants died (disease & Indian attacks) and those who survived often found freedom brought a life of poverty. • Impossible to establish a normal family life. Men outnumbered women 6:1. Could not count on a natural increase in the population.

10. Jamestown Colony • First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-14) • Starving colonists began to raid Indian villages • Matters worsened when colonists began to build new forts on Powhatan land • Both sides laid siege to one another’s settlements • Ended with the Peace of Pocahontas

11. Jamestown Colony • Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-32) • Opechancanough ordered a surprise attack on the colonists • Killed about 1/3 of Jamestown’s settlers • Known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 • Ended in 1632 after 10 years of fighting • Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-46) • Final Powhatan effort to dislodge the colonists • Colonists captured & killed Opechancanough and enslaved all males over the age of 11 • Ended with an agreement not to cross onto one another’s land

13. This wooden blockhouse, reconstructed on the basis of archaeological findings, stood at one corner of a fort in Virginia. In 1622, Powhatan Indians attacked this and other Virginia settlements in retaliation for years of English depredations. The Granger Collection, New York

14. Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Jamestown in 1957 On its 350th Year of Founding

15. Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Jamestown in 2007 On its 400th Year of Founding

16. Solving the Labor Shortage - Slavery In the 1670s, the flow of indentured servants slowed at the same time that the chartering of the Royal Africa Company (1672) made slaves more readily available First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619 aboard a Dutch ship—unknown how they were treated By 1640, some Africans were slaves By the 1660s local statutes had firmly established the institution of slavery in Virginia and Maryland Slavery spread throughout the colonies though numbers were relatively low in the North. By 1700, nearly 30,000 slaves lived in the English colonies

17. Jamestown Colony - Virginia House of Burgesses • First met in 1619 • First order of business was to set a price for tobacco • Members included: • Governor – Appointed by officials of the Virginia Company • Council – Appointed by the governor • Representatives – Elected by men over 17 who owned land • Became a symbol for representative government in the colonies

18. Turbulence in Virginia • Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 • The Seeds of Social Revolt against colonial government • Indians and Frontiersmen • Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel Leader

19. The Growth of New England - Plymouth Colony The Mayflower • Passengers included 102 men, women, & children • Made up of both “saints” & “strangers” • Arrived in New England in November 1620 • First landed in Cape Cod, then Provincetown, & finally Plymouth near the site of an abandoned Indian village • While on board, 41 Pilgrim leaders signed the Mayflower Compact The Mayflower at Plymouth (Scenics of America PhotoLink/Getty Images)

20. Separatists • Separatist Beliefs: • Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership. • Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.” • Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.

21. The Plymouth Colony The Mayflower Compact • Created a government to establish rules for the colony • Was an important step in colonial self-government • Elected William Bradford as first governor.

22. The Plymouth Colony • Nearly half died of exposure & disease during their first Winter • Survived for a number of reasons: • Strong leadership – William Bradford • Help of Native Americans • Squanto– served as an interpreter, taught the Pilgrims to grow corn & squash • Massasoit – Wampanoag leader who signed a treaty of friendship with the Pilgrims

23. The MA Bay Colony • 1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. • Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. • They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.” • 1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships • Established a colony with Boston as its hub. • “Great Migration” of the 1630s • Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America. • Not all Puritans  20,000 came to MA.

24. The Puritans formed Massachusetts Bay Company • Wanted to purify the Church of England to eliminate corrupting Catholic influences • Limited membership to “visible saints”: • Those who had made a public affirmation of their faith & had been accepted into membership by a vote of the congregation

25. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Founded in 1630 • Elected John Winthrop as governor • Advocated that the Puritans establish a “city upon a hill” as an example to all people of what a godly community could be

26. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Governed by the General Court (legislative body) who then elected the governor • Voting was restricted to church members • Led to laws to protect authority & family values • Required church attendance & prohibited drunkenness, card playing, public kissing, etc. • Often punished with public shame & humiliation

27. Dissention in the Colony Roger Williams • Called for the separation of church & state • Declared colonists had no legal right to take Indian land • Banished in 1635 • Moved to “Providence” & started his own colony • Purchased the land from the native populations & returned to England & received a charter from the Crown • Rhode Island became the 1st colony to practice religious toleration

28. Dissention in the Colony Anne Hutchinson • Articulate, strong-willed, & intelligent wife of a prominent merchant • Held prayer meetings in her home to discuss sermons & provide her own commentary on religious matters • Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. • Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. (Antinomianism)

29. Dissention in the Colony Anne Hutchinson • Challenged the authority of the ministers • Put on trial in 1637 • One critic commented “You have stepped out of your place; you [would] have rather been a husband than a wife, a preacher than a hearer, & a magistrate than a subject.” • Banished in 1638 • Went with her family & followers to an island south of Providence near present-day Portsmouth, RI

30. Connecticut • In 1633, a group from Plymouth settled in the Connecticut River Valley • Then in 1636, Thomas Hooker led about 100 Puritans from Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut • In 1639, he helped to draft the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, a series of laws that provided for a government like that of Massachusetts • Key feature: Gave all free men the right to vote for their leaders

31. The Great Puritan Migration

32. Pequot War (1636-37) • Tension developed between Pequots & the colonists as the English expanded into Connecticut • Pequotsattacked English town of Wethersfield following a raid on one of their villages • Colonists from MA & CT attacked the Pequot Village in Mystic • About 400 died as the village was burned • Ended Pequot resistance to English expansion A Pequot Village Destroyed (Rare Book Division, New York Public Library)

33. A Changing Landscape • Native populations drop dramatically: • From about 125,000 in 1625 to 10,000 in 1675 • English settlement continued to expand • Led to another series of conflicts in the 1670s

35. King Philip’s War (1675-76) • Metacom – known to English as King Philip; leader of the Wampanoags led a war to expel Europeans; • English burned native villages & destroyed stores of food • One of the bloodiest & costliest wars in American history. Indians destroyed 20% of English towns in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. • Nearly 5% of white population in New England killed; approx. 4,500 Indians killed and more displaced from land. • Effectively ended Native American resistance in New England

37. The Growth of New England The Non-Indian Population of New England, 1620-1700

38. Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics • Maryland was founded in 1632 as a proprietary colony owned by George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. • Calvert was catholic and wanted to establish a colony for others of his faith, but most colonists were Protestants. • Maryland’s development was connected to the struggle in England between the monarchy and the Puritans, leading to reforms such as the first law calling for freedom of worship for all Christians. • Maryland developed as a tobacco colony.

39. South Carolina • Charles II granted land south of Virginia to 8 supporters in 1663 • Given the title of Lord Proprietors • Able to exercise their authority with virtual independence

40. South Carolina • Settlement in the area began in 1670 • Many of its early settlers came from colonies in the Caribbean, Carolina society resembled the Caribbean colonies in that a majority population of African slaves worked on plantations. • developed a plantation economy, first with sugar, then rice in later years.

41. South Carolina • Sugar production was key to the Caribbean economy • Required large labor force • Originally relied on indentured servants • Soon replaced by African slaves

42. South Carolina - Search for a Labor Force • Indentured Servants • African Slaves • Slaves for life • Had knowledge of rice cultivation • Immune to malaria & yellow fever • Led to a black majority in South Carolina by the 1710s

43. Thomas Coram’s oil painting (c. 1770) shows the main residence and slave quarters on the Mulberry Plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. The distinctive steep-roofed design of the slave cabins on the left probably reflects African building styles. Slave quarters may not have been located quite as close to the main house as this picture suggests. Thomas Coram, “View of Mulberry Street, House and Street.” Oil on paper, 10 3 17.6 cm, Gibbes Museum of Art/ Carolina Art Association. 68.18.01

44. Georgia • Founded in 1732 & named for King George II • Created as a buffer between South Carolina & Spanish Florida

45. Georgia Background • A group of trustees was charged with ruling the colony in its early years • One trustee, James Oglethorpe, was key to the colony’s early history • Hoped the colony could serve as a haven for debtors who could leave jail if they agreed to relocate in Georgia • Prohibited slavery & alcohol • Limited landholdings to 500 acres

46. Georgia Early History • Ultimately, the population remained small & early goals were not reached • By 1750, slavery had been legalized & size limits for landholdings were lifted • Life began to resemble that in South Carolina with the rise of an elite planters who relied on slave labor

47. Pennsylvania: Dream of toleration and peace • Another proprietary colony • William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 hoping to provide a refuge for Quakers and a model of justice and peace. • Penn established good relations with Indians by purchasing land and signing treaties. • Pennsylvania’s frame of government provided religious freedom and created a legislature with limited powers. • The population was ethnically and religiously diverse with most settlers living on farms, though Philadelphia developed as a major port.

48. No colonial proprietor was more idealistic than William Penn, shown here in a portrait made in about 1698 by Francis Place. Penn wanted Pennsylvania to be a place of peace, prosperity, and religious toleration—especially for his fellow Quakers. The colony eventually became an economic success but failed to achieve the social harmony that Penn had wanted.

49. Quakers - Society of Friends p53

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