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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. Kinesiology Unit 9. The Basic Skeletal System. Has articulations  joints Ligaments: attach bone to bone Tendons: attach muscle to bone. The Skeleton. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. OSTEOLOGY: THE STUDY OF BONES ARTHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF JOINTS

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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

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  1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Kinesiology Unit 9

  2. The Basic Skeletal System

  3. Has articulations  joints • Ligaments: attach bone to bone • Tendons: attach muscle to bone The Skeleton

  4. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • OSTEOLOGY: THE STUDY OF BONES • ARTHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF JOINTS • MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: • SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR SOFT BODY TISSUES • PROTECTS VITAL ORGANS (EXAMPE: BRAIN WITHIN THE SKULL, LUNGS WITHIN THE THORACIC CAGE) • BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION OCCURS IN RED MARROW OF MANY BONES • PROVIDES SYSTEM OF LEVERS ALLOWING MOVEMENT • PROVIDES SHAPE TO THE BODY • MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS (BALANCE CALCIUM)

  5. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BONES & JOINTS

  6. BONES THE SKELETON CONSISTS OF 206 – 210 BONES

  7. BONES: • What is bone?- Live connective tissue- 25% water, 25% protein, 50% crysalised mineral salts • Wolff’s Law:Bone is laid down (built up) where it is needed and resorbed (broken down) where it is not needed

  8. Bone Cells: • Osteoblasts:Bone building cells:synthesize and secrete collagen and other organic compounds to build up bone matrixOsteocytes: • Mature bone cells.Derived from osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone matrix…function is to exchange nutrients and waste with blood • Osteoclasts:Bone resorbing cellsFunction to break down the bone matrix

  9. Osteoblast and osteoclast activity  maintain homeostasis in the body…*Greater osteoblast action: bones become too thick and heavy & develop boney spurs*Greater osteoclast action: lose too much calcium = brittle and fragile bones that break easily • So… this helps the body because: • 1. Renews of bone tissue before deterioration sets in • 2. Redistribution of bone matrix along the lines of mechanical stress • 3. Enables injured bones to heal

  10. FOUR GROUPS OF BONES • LONG BONES • ARE LONG • EXAMPLE: TIBIA, FIBULA, HUMERUS, RADIUS AND ILNA • SHORT BONES • ABOUT EQUAL IN LENGTH AND WIDTH • EXAMPLE: BONES OF THE WRIST AND FOOT • FLAT BONES • USED FOR PROTECTION • EXAMPLE: THEY MAKE UP THE VAULT OF THE SKULL, SCAPULA AND STERNUM AND RIBS • IRREGULAR BONES • COMPLEX AND VARIED SHAPES • EXAMPLE: BONES COMPRISING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES, PATELLA AND SMALLBONES OF FACE

  11. Example of Long Bone

  12. Example of Short Bones

  13. Example of Flat Bone

  14. Example of Irregular Bone

  15. STRUCTURE OF BONES • THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BONY SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY: COMPACT TISSUE AND SPONGELIKE CALCELLOUS TISSUE • TENDONS: ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE • LIGAMENTS: ATTACH BONE TO BONE

  16. The Two Types of Bony Structures

  17. JOINTS THE JUNCTIONS OF THE LEVERS OR SKELETAL PARTS ARE CALLED JOINTS OR ARTICULATIONS

  18. Articulations depend on: • 1. Structural composition:What type of connective tissue binds the bones?-E.g. Fibrous Joints- E.g. Cartilaginous Joints- E.g. Synovial Joints • 2. The extent to which movement is permitted:-E.g. synarthoses (no/ very little movement at joints)-E.g. Amphiarthroses (partially movable joints)-E.g. Diarthroses (Freely movable joints)

  19. Synarthroses: • Fibrous/ Synarthrodial joints • Held tightly together by fibrous connective tissue • Permit little/ no movement

  20. 3 Types of Synarthroses joints: • 1. Suture:*Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue*Irregular interlocking edges add strength to the joint • 2. Syndesmosis:*Greater distance/ space between articulating bones* Contains more fibrous connective tissue than a suture joint…therefore allowing slightly more movement • 3. Gomphosis:* Joint in which cone-shaped peg fits into a socket

  21. Amphiarthroses Joints: • Cartilaginous joints • Held together by strong ligaments • Slightly movable joints:

  22. 2 types of Amphiarthoses: • 1. SyndnchrondrosisHyaline cartilage is the connecting substancePrimary cartilaginous joint is later replaced by boneE.g. Ribs • 2. SymphysisEnds of articulating bones are covered with cartilage but bones are connect by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilageE.g. Pelvis  labour

  23. Diarthroses • Diarthrodial/ Synovial Joints: • Articulating surfaces of synovial joints are covered with articular cartilage • Cartilage ensures a smooth, frictionless surface • Articular capsule: surrounds synovial joint and encloses the synovial cavity • Strong, yet flexible fibrous capsule consisting of dense, irregular tissue

  24. Synovial membrane: Inner layer of articular surface • Synovial fluid: Forms thin layer over articulating surface • Synovial fluid has several functions:1. Lubrication2. Supplies nutrients3. Removes waste productsContains phagocytes

  25. Synovial joints/ Diarthrodial joints: • 1. Planar joint: Gliding joint- Joint surfaces are fairly flat- Permit side to side; back to forth movements- Non-axial  doesn’t rotate around 1 axis- E.g. Knee, wrist • 2. Hinge joint: Ginglymus joint- Convex surface of 1 joint fits into concave surface of other joint- Produces angular opening and closing motion- Uniaxial joint (1 axis)E.g. Elbow or jaw

  26. 3. Pivot joint: Trochoid joint- Rounded or pointed surface of 1 joint articulates with ring formed partly by another bone- Uniaxial joint-E.g. Axis of skull • 4. Condyloid Joint: Ellipsoidal joint- Convex oval projection of 1 bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another boneBi- axial joint- E.g. Scaphoid and lunate bones in hand

  27. 5. Saddle Joint: Sellaris Joint- Articular surface is saddle shaped and articulating surface of other bone fits into the “saddle”- Biaxial Joint- E.g. Thumb • 6. Ball and Socket Joint: Spherio Joint- Ball like surface of 1 bone fits into a cup like surface of another bone- MultiaxialE.g. Shoulder, hip

  28. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

  29. End of Unit

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