Command and Control of Space Forces - A Weapon System Approach NDIA 25 Aug 05

1. Command and Control of Space Forces - A Weapon System Approach NDIA 25 Aug 05 Col Tony Williams Division Chief AFSPC/XOZ

2. Overview • The Challenge - Synchronizing Global & Theater Space Effects to the Combatant Commander, Satisfying Timing & Tempo Needs • The Solution – a Space C2 Weapon System • Bottom Line

3. Overview • The Challenge - Synchronizing Global & Theater Space Effects to the Combatant Commander, Satisfying Timing & Tempo Needs • The Solution – a Space C2 Weapon System • Bottom Line

4. OIF Warfighter’s Reliance on Space TSTs • Navigation: 24/7 GPS Enhanced Theater support enabled Time Sensitive & Dynamic Targeting for OIF • ~ 70% of all munitions used GPS • Weather: NASA’s Aqua & DoD’s DMSP sats predicted 23-24 March sandstorms, warning commanders and troops • Missile Warning: Space IR systems detected ~1,493 provided missile events • CSAR: Space enabled largest Joint Search and Rescue operations in history • 55 missions, 73 people saved (Pvt. Lynch rescue utilized ISR, UAVs linked by SATCOM) • SATCOM: ATO transmissions over MILSTAR took 6 sec; air delivered in Gulf War • ~750 Tomahawk missile updates were transmitted via SATCOM • Communications capacity increased from 100 megabits to 2.6 gigabits; commercial satellites provided 80% bandwidth • ISR: 24/7 coverage enabled 116 C4I targets, including 10 media facilities Space Systems Are Now an Accepted, Proven and Mandatory Element of National Military Power

5. Space C2 Capabilities are Fragmentary and Ad Hoc “The AF must restructure the way C2 programs are managed and resourced” (USAF SAB, May 2001) TBMCS GCCS SBMCS CCIC2S GCSS

6. CDR USSTRATCOM COCOM CDR JFCC SGS OPCON Space Effects Space Effects CDRJSO TACON Direct Support Direct Support JSpOC JFC JFC JSTO Tactical Units CAOC CAOC Theater A Theater B AOR AOR Operational Command Flow for Space Forces Recent Componency Changes Increase the Challenge for C2 of Space Forces in providing space effects at the timing and tempo needed by the Theater

7. JFCC SGS Distributed Operations

8. Summary of the Need • Capability to gain and maintain situation awareness of all space related activities • Capability to plan, task, and direct space forces to provide timely effects in support of the warfighter • Net centricity Service Oriented Architecture • JC2 interoperability requirements

9. Overview • The Challenge - Synchronizing Global & Theater Space Effects to the Combatant Commander, Satisfying Timing & Tempo Needs • The Solution – a Space C2 Weapon System • Implementation Strategy • Bottom Line

11. Functions are an arrangement of…. • Facilities • Equipment • Communications • Procedures • Personnel • Training • Sustainment • (Joint Pub 1-2) • The Space C2 WS is the means for commanders to exercise authority and direction over assigned and attached forces to carry out joint space operations (CC Intent & Feedback) • Space C2 functions are performed to allow a commander to plan, direct, coordinate and control operations of assigned forces Space C2 WS Defined

12. Space C2 WS Employs NC SOA, shared with SSA Community GIG Status and Tasking Status and Tasking Tasking and Mission Data Space Superiority Assured Access Global Surveillance Targeting and Tracking (GSTT) Global Information Services (GIS) SSA OCS DCS Other Services e.g., Value Added Processing DB DB DB DB DB Space C2 Services eg. Space Tasking SSA Services eg. Sensor Tasking, Fusion Core Enterprise Services (Service Discovery. Data Discovery, Security, etc.) Other UDOPs SSA UDOP Key Source Space C2 UDOP

13. Space C2 Weapon System – Systems GIG Status and Tasking Status and Tasking Tasking and Mission Data Space Superiority Assured Access Global Surveillance Targeting and Tracking (GSTT) Global Information Services (GIS) SSA OCS DCS • Space Control Center • Space Surveillance Network and sensor sites • Space Based sensors • DCS systems • OCS systems • Satellite Operations • Range Assets • Launch Systems • Missile Warning • Space Based • Ground Based • Space Radar • Comm • Wideband • Protected • Narrowband • Broadcast • Environmental • Timing & Navigation • Blue Force Tracking Other Services e.g., Value Added Processing DB DB DB DB DB Space C2 Services eg. Space Tasking SSA Services eg. Sensor Tasking, Fusion Core Enterprise Services (Service Discovery. Data Discovery, Security, etc.) Other UDOPs • Includes liaison/coordination with National/Civil/Commercial/Allied Spaced Assets SSA UDOP Key Source Space C2 UDOP

14. System Effects (GETS, CV) Counterspace taskings Collision avoidance maneuvers Maintenance schedule direction SCC priorities, Launch calls Constellation / system health & status Maintenance & launch schedules EW/RFI Capability predictions by time or region In-space events: Conjunctions, NFLs, Maneuvers, Re-entries, etc. Feedback & Assessments (COAs, CC’s Intent Space C2 Weapon System – Types of Information GIG Status and Tasking Status and Tasking Tasking and Mission Data Space Superiority Assured Access Global Surveillance Targeting and Tracking (GSTT) Global Information Services (GIS) SSA OCS DCS Other Services e.g., Value Added Processing DB DB DB DB DB Space C2 Services eg. Space Tasking SSA Services eg. Sensor Tasking, Fusion Core Enterprise Services (Service Discovery. Data Discovery, Security, etc.) Other UDOPs SSA UDOP Key Source Space C2 UDOP

15. Space C2 Weapon System Initially Focusedon Two Key Processes • ENABLE SPACE TASKING • CYCLE • Continuous Flexible process to produce: • Space Ops Directive: • Strategies • Priorities • Master Space Plan: • Asset-to-Task Resource Allocation • Space Tasking Order (S-T-O) • Apply CDRJSO & Combatant Commanders’ Intent, Priorities & Objectives, ROE, ATO/SPINS • MAINTAIN INTEGRATED SPACE PICTURE • Events in the Medium of Space: • Conjunctions, Maneuvers, NFLs, Payload assessment, Red/Gray Space Order of Battle • Space environment assessment & projections • Blue space asset status and projections • Constellation / system health & status • Maintenance & launch schedules • Capability predictions by time or region

16. NCES-SOA

17. Falconer AOC vs JSpOC Core Process • Falconer AOC • Executes Joint Targeting Cycle • Strategy-to-task process • Effects-based operations • Requires internal & external coordination • Some activities span more than a single tasking cycle • 24/7 operations (when activated) • Supports coalition operations • Operations planned at multiple security level • Intel critical throughout • Theater responsibilities • Single COCOM focus • Crisis operations • Up to 2500+ taskings per ATO • Assets assigned/attached for single theater support • Joint Space Operations Center • Executes Joint Targeting Cycle • Strategy-to-task process • Effects-based operations • Requires internal & external coordination • Some activities span more than a single tasking cycle • 24/7 operations • Supports coalition operations • Operations planned at multiple security levels • Intel critical throughout • Global responsibilities balanced w/ theaters’ support requirements • Services National, DoD, Civil and foreign customers • Peacetime and crisis operations coexist and support integrated globally • Average ~25 taskings per S-T-O • Assets are global requiring deconfliction across battlespace DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES

18. Space C2 WS Development Approach Incremental Steps towards Comprehensive Net-Centric Space C2 WS SBMCS Worldwide system and web client users NAV ACC, AOF, Look Angles (LA), Mission Critical Reporting System (MCRS), Automated Warning Capability Full ISP Full S-T-O Automation Sp C2 WS Block X Initial ISP GIS ISP SSA ISP Master Space Plan Automation Sp C2 WS Global View (CJMTK) Space OB DSCS Data SIRS MCRS SISP 1.0 Global View (ICSF) MCRS SIRS SISP Prototype AOF MCRS SBMCS

19. Space C2 WS Development Approach Incremental Steps towards Comprehensive Net-Centric Space C2 WS SISP Prototype Initial developmental effort to consolidate dispersed information into a single integrated picture Global Status View, Mission Critical Reporting System (MCRS) Alerts, SATCOM Interference Reporting System (SIRS) Alerts, RFI Geo-location data, SATCOM User Information Full ISP Full S-T-O Automation Sp C2 WS Block X Initial ISP GIS ISP SSA ISP Master Space Plan Automation Sp C2 WS Global View (CJMTK) Space OB DSCS Data SIRS MCRS SISP 1.0 Global View (ICSF) MCRS SIRS SISP Prototype AOF MCRS SBMCS

20. Space C2 WS Development Approach Incremental Steps towards Comprehensive Net-Centric Space C2 WS SISP 1.0 Net-centric SOA system development, New Web Services for Simple Access, NAV ACC, AOF, Look Angles (LA), Combined AOF & LA, HF Propagation, Sat Cat, Space Support Request, S-T-O, Mission Critical Reporting System (MCRS) Full ISP Full S-T-O Automation Sp C2 WS Block X Initial ISP GIS ISP SSA ISP Master Space Plan Automation Sp C2 WS Global View (CJMTK) Space OB DSCS Data SIRS MCRS SISP 1.0 Global View (ICSF) MCRS SIRS SISP Prototype AOF MCRS SBMCS

21. Space C2 WS Development Approach Incremental Steps towards Comprehensive Net-Centric Space C2 WS Sp C2 WS Initial Space C2 Weapon System capability providing an integrated command and control system Integrated Space Picture, Space Tasking Order Development tool Full ISP Full S-T-O Automation Sp C2 WS Block X ISP GIS ISP SSA ISP Master Space Plan Automation Sp C2 WS Global View (CJMTK) Space OB DSCS Data SIRS MCRS SISP 1.0 Global View (ICSF) MCRS SIRS SISP Prototype AOF MCRS SBMCS

22. Space C2 WS Development Approach Incremental Steps towards Comprehensive Net-Centric Space C2 WS Sp C2 WS Block X Net-centric Service Oriented Architecture capability, Expanded space data access, fully capable Integrated Space Picture, Space Tasking Order Automation, Robust Strategy-to-Task Tool Full ISP Full S-T-O Automation Sp C2 WS Block X ISP GIS ISP SSA ISP Master Space Plan Automation Sp C2 WS Global View (CJMTK) Space OB DSCS Data SIRS MCRS SISP 1.0 Global View (ICSF) MCRS SIRS SISP Prototype AOF MCRS SBMCS

23. Space C2 WS Way Ahead HPT FY 06 FY 07 3 Ltr Coord Enabling Concept Periodic Reviews 2 Ltr Coord Final Org Construct 6 month review Stand-up Proposal C2 Int in all Sp Programs, Documents updates, etc. Vision 2.0 Group AFSPC Appr Cost Est FY 08 POM Defend HQAF HQ AF, STRATCOM, AS2ISRC, ISAG, etc. Advocacy C2 SSA COI Pilot Development -SISP 1.0 -Prototype -SpC2S 10.1 -Other Efforts -SpC2S 20 Field FDE CDR Eval/Exercise Dev Dev Eval/Exercise Field Automate Integrated Space Picture, Automate S-T-O Process JSpOC Baseline, SCTD, GPS Interface, SBIRS Tasker, Deconfliction, COI Pilot, JSpOC-X, RAIDRS Refinement Initial Planning Execution Prep CC Updates June July Aug Sep Oct Jan 06 Apr Jul Oct Jan 07 Apr Jul Oct Jan 08

24. Overview • The Challenge - Synchronizing Global & Theater Space Effects to the Combatant Commander, Satisfying Timing & Tempo Needs • The Solution – a Space C2 Weapon System • Bottom Line

25. Benefits – Bottom Lines • NC is cool, will bring good things to all mankind • Syncronization of timing/tempo/effects enables Space to exponentially improve how it supports theater