In pursuit of memory

1. In pursuit of memory Saw how memory doesn't work, now lets look how it does work

2. Objectives • Describe recall and recognition in explicit memory • How is memory measured implicitly • Analyze the 2 models of memory

3. chapter 8 Explicit memory Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or item of information. Recall: The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously learned material Recognition: The ability to identify previously encountered material

4. Meaningful OrganizationRecall and recognition • Remember the gist not the actual words shows MEANING important • 2 Main ways for Retrieval of explicit memories • Recall- (like for an essay test) retrieval task where you create an answer almost entirely from memory. • Example of recall question: name Rudolph's friends

5. OTOH • Recognition- ( Multiple choice test) Identify if a stimulus has been previously experienced • So Recognition is easier than recall • Remember faces and not names? Because faces give you better cues • Rudolph example: which ones are Rudolph's friends: Blitzen, Cupid, Kumquat, Bouncer, Dander, Dasher, Donner, Blintzes, Dancer, Prancer, Flasher, Trixie, Masher, Comet, Pixie, Vixen.

6. chapter 8 Implicit memory Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions.

7. Implicit and Explicit Memory • Implicit memory- memory that can effect your behavior but which you did not deliberately learn or of which you currently have no awareness • Explicit memory- Involves awareness • Most Procedural Memory is Implicit, For example swinging a golf club, throwing a ball

8. chapter 8 Relearning Compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material.

9. Relearning or savings method • Ebbinghaus:19th century • Relearned info learned in a task earlier • Do better on task next time • So must be learning and remembering something

10. chapter 8 Priming A person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task.

11. Priming • Read list of words some of which begin with def (define, defend, deform) • Later asked to complete word stems, with words that begin with def. • You would complete task better by having seen the list • Hop, pop, mop,….what do you do at the green light? • You know more than you think you know (usually)

12. Models of memory (3 box model) • Complex model uses computer terms: input, output, accessing, information retrieval • First step encode sensory info: computer keyboard, human sight, sound (convert to form that can be processed by brain) • Second store for later use (retain) • Thirdly retrieve for recovery use (retrieve)

13. 2nd theory (PDP) • Differences in human computer example • Most com. Process info and data sequentially, so 3 box model emphasized • HOWEVER human brain performs many tasks simultaneously (in parallel) • Patterns all at once not sequentially • Millions of neurons talk to one another, which in turn talk to millions more • Both correct but which one more useful?

14. chapter 8 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) Model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel

15. summary • Explicit • Implicit Memory • 2 memory processing systems