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Challenge of Democracy

Challenge of Democracy. Nigeria and South Africa. Nigerian Civil War. 3 major ethnic groups Hausa-Fulani, Muslims (North) Yoruba and Igbo, Christians, Muslims and animists (South) Yoruba: farmers w/tradition of kings Igbo: farmers w/tradition of democracy Federal System

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Challenge of Democracy

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  1. Challenge of Democracy Nigeria and South Africa

  2. Nigerian Civil War • 3 major ethnic groups • Hausa-Fulani, Muslims (North) • Yoruba and Igbo, Christians, Muslims and animists (South) • Yoruba: farmers w/tradition of kings • Igbo: farmers w/tradition of democracy • Federal System • one state for each ethnic group • state and federal powers

  3. War with Biafra • Minorities in each region began rebelling • 1966, Martial Law implemented in Lagos. • Hausa-Fulani attacked from the north • persecuted and killed many Igbo • eastern Nigeria seceded, became Biafra • Nigeria went to war to reunite the nation • 1970, Igbo outnumbered lost and surrendered

  4. Nigeria’s Nation Building • 1970s Military governed • establish a stronger federal system • strong central gov. with regional units • restore economy based on oil • 1979, Civilian rule • Dictator took control, Moshood Abiola • jailed dissidents • 1999, Nigerian hold free elections • Olusegun Obansanjo, reelected in 2003

  5. South Africa

  6. South Africa Fights for Its Freedom • Following the Boer War (1910) – The Union of South Africa, as a dominion of the British Empire was formed. - Britain agreed to allow the white settlers to govern themselves. • By 1931 South Africa had become an “independent member” of the British Commonwealth. - The South African Constitution gave minority whites complete control of the African majority. - Apartheid – was established in 1948 with the rise to power of Afrikaner nationalists. • Apartheid in action – No social contact between whites & Africans, segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods. - “reserves” were set up for African people, and 75% of the people lived on 13% of them

  7. ANC & Nelson Mandela – Organized strikes, boycotts, and other non-violent resistance strategies. The south African government outlaws the ANC and imprisons Mandela. Mandela

  8. S.A. continued • Riots consume South Africa throughout the 70’s and 80’s. • Desmond Tutu (African Bishop) campaigned to isolate South Africa within the international community, which he eventually achieves (Nobel Peace Prize 1984). • 1989 – South Africans elect F.W. Deklerk who pushes to remove South Africa from isolation. • 1990 – Nelson Mandela is released (27 years in prison) and the ANC is legalized. Apartheid is repealed 18 months later. • 1994 free elections were held (Nelson Mandela & the ANC win easily). • 1996 A new constitution is written and South Africa becomes a true democracy. • Today South Africa still faces many challenges.

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