Reconstruction, 1863-1877

1. Chapter 17 Reconstruction, 1863-1877 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

2. Wartime Reconstruction • Problem of Black equality, even most northern states denied it • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) • 10% of 1860 voters swear loyalty oath to U.S. and agree to end slavery, state could begin reconstruction process • Some Republicans opposed because not enough protection for freed slaves © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

3. Radical Republicans and Reconstruction • Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner: Radical Reconstruction leaders • Give freed slaves land of Confederates • Give freed slaves right to vote • Louisiana’s reconstructed government rejected by even non-Radical Republicans • Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill (1864) • Lincoln’s veto (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

4. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction • Tennessee Democrat who was the only southern senator to stay in office after secession • Radical Republicans wanted punitive Reconstruction and Black enfranchisement

5. Johnson’s Policy • Presidential proclamations • Amnesty Proclamation • Formation of new state governments in South • Radical opposed, many supported Johnson • Moderate Republicans (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

6. Southern Defiance • Thirteenth Amendment – many Southern states balked at ratifying • Neo-confederate violence against Blacks • Presidential pardons made to ex-Confederates by Johnson • Many ex-Confederate leaders elected to Congress • Alexander Hamilton Stephens • Praise and support of Johnson from leading Northern Democrats (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

7. The Black Codes • State governments that reduced newly freed slaves to a condition close to slavery • Blacks were excluded from juries, ballot boxes, interracial marriages, were punished more severely, could not lease land • Unemployed blacks declared vagrants and hired out to planters (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

8. Land and Labor in the Postwar South • Post-war South was in economic shambles • Post-war Slaves: • Returned to farming for wages or crop shares • Moved into towns • Searched out relatives (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

9. The Freedmen’s Bureau • Union army occupies South • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands • Sharecropping (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

10. Land for the Landless • Most slaves could not purchase land • “40 acres and a mule” • President Johnson restores almost all land to prewar owners by 1866 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

11. Education • Abolitionists helped freed people obtain education • 2,000 Northern teachers (3/4 were women) • Trained black teachers: missionary societies • Black colleges founded (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

12. The Advent of Congressional Reconstruction • Congress refused to admit former Confederate states • Some Republicans wanted to enfranchise Blacks, but were constrained by fears of racist northern electorate (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

13. Schism Between President and Congress • Freedmen’s Bureau extension • Civil Rights Act (1866) • Congress passed both over presidential veto (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

14. The Fourteenth Amendment • Passed in Congress, 1866 • Most important provisions for defining and enforcing civil rights and liberties (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

15. The 1866 Elections • Republican campaign theme: 14th Amendment • Johnson and the National Union Party • Deadly race riots in Memphis and New Orleans • Republicans win three-to-one majority in Congress (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

16. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Compromise between Radical and Moderate Republicans • Created five military districts • Permitted Black suffrage • States must ratify 14th Amendment to be readmitted • Many southerners boycott elections • Scalawags and Carpetbaggers • Johnson tries to slow Congressional Reconstruction (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

17. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson • Threats of impeachment • Edwin M. Stanton • Tenure of Office Act • House votes to impeach Johnson • Long and complicated impeachment trial in Senate • Moderates fear successful impeachment will endanger balance of powers • Senate fails to impeach by 1 vote (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

18. The Completion of Formal Reconstruction • New state constitutions in the South • Universal male suffrage • Statewide public schools, but they could be segregated • More state responsibility for social welfare • Violence and Ku Klux Klan • 8 southern states ratify 14th Amendment (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

19. The Fifteenth Amendment • Prohibited states from denying the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude • Woman’s suffragists embittered • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

20. The Election of 1868 • Election was referendum on Congressional Reconstruction • Ulysses S. Grant • Republican nominee • Opposed Johnson’s Reconstruction policies • Horatio Seymour • Frank Blair • Nathan Bedford Forrest and the KKK • Grant wins electoral college, but got minority of white vote nationally (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

21. The Grant Administration • Scandals • 3 Cabinet members resigned • Grant’s administration not alone • “Boss” William Marcy Tweed and Tammany Hall • Credit Mobilier • An “Era of Good Stealings” • Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner • The Gilded Age (1873) (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

22. Civil Service Reform • “spoils system” • Politicized bureaucracy with unqualified people • Reformers wanted competitive exams for civil service positions • George William Curtis and the Civil Service Commission (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

23. Foreign Policy Issues • Santo Domingo affair • Treaty of Washington (1871) • Hamilton Fish • "Alabama Claims" • Canada • Fenians (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

24. Reconstruction in the South • Northerners tire of sectional strife and Reconstruction • Democratic violence protesting Reconstruction • Instability of the Republican coalition (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

25. Blacks in Office • Republican Party • Southern white perceive it as symbol of conquest and humiliation • 80% of Republican voters in South were Black • 1868-1876: • 14 Black Representatives • 2 Black Senators • "Negro rule“ myth • Blacks held 15-20% of elected offices in Reconstruction (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

26. “Carpetbaggers” • Adventurers who came South with nothing but a “carpetbag” in which to stow loot plundered from helpless people • Those who settled in post-war South hoped to rebuild its society in the image of the free-labor North (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

27. “Scalawags” • Native-born whites who joined the southern Republican Party • Came from upcountry Unionist areas of western North Carolina and Virginia, eastern Tennessee • Often former Whigs • Republican Party in the South a fragile and vulnerable coalition (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

28. The Ku Klux Klan • Klan purpose • Social control of freed slaves • Destroy Republican Party in the South • “Colfax Massacre” (1873) • Ku Klux Klan Act (1871) (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

29. The Election of 1872 • Liberal Republicans and Horace Greeley • Democrats also endorse Greeley • Thomas Nast cartoons • Grant reelected (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

30. The Panic of 1873 • Wall Street panic • Five-year depression • Jay Cooke’s banking firm and the Northern Pacific Railroad (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

31. The Retreat from Reconstruction • After the panic, Democrats made large gains in 1874 Congressional elections • 1st House majority in 18 years • Public opinion turned against Republicans in the South • 1875: only 4 states remained under Republican control • South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana • White paramilitary groups (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

32. The Mississippi Election of 1875 • Mississippi Plan (1875) • All whites should become Democrats • Intimidate Black voters • Adelbert Ames • Grant trades Ohio for Mississippi (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

33. The Supreme Court and Reconstruction • U.S. v. Cruikshank (1870) • U.S. v. Reese (1871) • Civil Rights Cases (1883) (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

34. The Election of 1876 • Corruption and government reform were key campaign issues • Samuel J. Tilden • Rutherford B. Hayes • “bulldozing” • “Hamburg Massacre” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

35. Disputed Results • Discrepancies in results • Hayes had votes, but Democrats refused the results • Democratic House, Republican Senate • Constitutional crisis • Electoral commission (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

36. The Compromise of 1877 • Electoral Commission partisan vote awarded victory to Hayes • Compromise • Federal aid and patronage to Democrats in South • Withdrawal of federal troops (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

37. The End of Reconstruction • Postmaster David M. Key (D-TN) • Internal Improvements for South 1878 • Removal of federal troops in Louisiana and South Carolina • North tired of crisis and Reconstruction (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

38. Conclusion • Federal government power increases • Amendments Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen • North wearied of Reconstruction • Withdrawal of federal troops from the South in 1877 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.