Reconstruction 1865-1877

1. Reconstruction1865-1877 • Goal- Re-admit CSA states into the Union • How does this happen?

2. 10% PlanGoal: Heal Nation Quickly • A. Lincoln • At least 10% of the state’s population signed an oath of loyalty to the Union, then… • New state government could be formed • New state constitution must ban slavery • Does not punish South • Amnesty offered • White southerners • Swear loyalty to Union • Excludes Confederate leaders

3. Why would Lincoln hesitate to punish the South after the War? • Lincoln wants the South to feel welcomed back into the Union. • There are too many Confederate leaders to prosecute. • He feels the devastation of the war in the South was enough punishment. • He felt punishment would delay reunification of the country.

4. Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens • Denied legislative seats to any state re-admitted under 10% Plan • Wade-Davis Bill • Majority of state’s males had to swear loyalty • White males who fought against Union could not vote for state delegates to new constitution convention • Ban slavery in new states • Former Confederates could not hold public office • Lincoln refused to sign this bill

5. Restoration Plan • A Johnson • Grants amnesty to Southerners • Loyalty Oath • High-ranking Confederate leaders could be pardoned • Requires an appeal to the President • Considered humiliating • States had to: • Renounce secession • Ban slavery • Ratify 13th amendment- banned slavery

6. Amnesty is a pardon granted that excuses past bad behavior. Should Confederate leaders have been offered amnesty? • No, people should always suffer the consequences of their choices. • Yes, sometimes amnesty can prevent further problems. • It doesn’t seem right since these guys caused so many deaths.

7. First Reconstruction Act- 1867 • Called for creation of new governments in Southern states • Tennessee excluded • Had rejoined the Union in1866 • State govt had already complied with requirements for readmission • South divided into 5 Military Districts • Second Reconstruction Act • Military commanders • Register voters • Prepare for state constitution conventions

8. What is the primary goal of Reconstruction? 1. To prevent Confederate leaders from being elected again. 2. To punish the South for seceding. • To bring the Southern states back into the Union. • To get a Loyalty Oath from all Southerners.

9. Resistance to Reconstruction • Southern whites opposed expansion of Af. Am. Rights • Landowners refused to rent land to freedman • Store owners refused credit • KKK increased in visibility • Broad public support in South • Violence directed at Af. Am. • Legal recourse difficult • Whites refused to testify

10. How do white supremesist groups like the KKK gain in popularity? • People feel powerless and search for a group that is powerful. • People are angry and that group gives them an outlet for anger. • People honestly believe they are better than other people.

11. Freedman’s Bureau • Assistance for newly freed slaves • Food, clothing, medical services • Acquire land • Find work/wages • Education • Local schools • Colleges • Atlanta University • Howard University • Fisk University

12. What two long term factors would help make newly freed slaves most successful in this major life change? • Money and food • Education and land • Entertainment and housing

13. African American Rights • Memphis Riot- 1866 • Freedmen targeted by white mob • Goal- create fear in black community • Reinforced Northern fears • Felt Johnson’s plan was too easy for South • Congress refuses to seat new Southern delegates • Black Codes • Suppressed local rights of freedmen • Couldn’t own land in some communities • Arrest/fine unemployed freedmen in some communities

14. Fear is a common motivator for violence. • Think of one example where violence occurred because people were afraid. It can be a personal experience, something from the news, or something from history. • Turn to your partner and explain the circumstance.

15. Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Full citizenship to African Americans • Fed govt can intervene in states to protect Af-Am rights • Overturns Black Codes • Overturns Dred Scott decision • Vetoed by Andrew Johnson • Johnson says that fed govt overstepped its authority • Unconstitutional because the Southern states are not represented in vote • Congress overrides veto

16. Why is full citizenship so important? • It gives a person legal protections. • It proves equality. • It forces fair treatment.

17. 13-14-15 Amendments • 13- Banned Slavery anywhere in US • 14- Full citizenship to anyone born in US • Due process of law to ALL citizens • Equal protection of law to ALL citizens • Excluded Native Americans from citizenship • Excluded Confederate leaders from holding national office- unless pardoned by Congress • 15- All citizens have the right to vote

18. Participation as a citizen…

19. The 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments guarantee basic rights to newly freed slaves. Which of these three rights would be most important to you? • No more slavery • Full citizenship in United States • Voting rights

20. Changes in the South • African Americans • Voted for Republicans Lincoln’s party) • Elected to state and federal government positions • Whites • Scalawags • Southern whites who supported Republicans • Carpetbaggers • Northern whites who moved to South after War • Perceived as taking advantage of the South in time of need • Included genuine reformers

21. African American Representatives

22. Why would white people in the South be upset by their neighbors voting Republican? • They did not feel represented by the Republican Party. • Lincoln was a Republican.

23. Education and Farming • Education system segregated • Freedmans Bureau establishes Af. Am. Schools • Northerners migrated south to fill teacher needs in new schools • Mission schools- higher education • Eventually became major universities • segregated • Fisk University; Morehouse College • 50% of white kids enrolled in school • 40% of Af. Am. Kids enrolled in school • Few states required integrated education • Attempt to own land • Difficult for Af. Am. to purchase land • Sharecropping- renting land

24. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson • Congress restricts presidential power • Tenure of Office Act • Senate needs to approve decisions to remove govt officials from power • Includes president’s own cabinet members • Johnson challenges law • Suspends Secretary of War w/out Senate approval • During congressional recess • Congress reconvenes- refuses to approve suspension • Johnson removes Sec or War from office anyway • Violates Tenure law • House votes to impeach Johnson • Senate fails to convict (didn’t get 2/3 vote) • Johnson stays in office

25. Ulysses S. Grant • War Hero • Republican • Most Southern African Americans voted for him • Wins 1868 election for presidency • Broad public support for Reconstruction

26. Besides Andrew Johnson, which president had misconduct when he was president, was impeached by the House but not removed from office? • Ronald Reagan • Jimmy Carter • George W. Bush • Bill Clinton