Reconstruction 1863-1877

1. Reconstruction1863-1877 Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America.

2. Reconstruction Indicator USHC-3.3—Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the southern states and on the role of the federal government, including the impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments on opportunities for African Americans.

3. Reconstruction Essential Question How effective were the Reconstruction amendments in advancing civil rights for newly freed slaves?

4. What was the purpose of Reconstruction? Re-establishment of FULL participation of the Southern states in the Union based on the Sothern acceptance of the outcome of the war, including the liberation of their slaves.

5. What was NOT the purpose of Reconstruction? • It was NOT to rebuild the South • The responsibility to rebuild the South was the business of the states and individuals.

6. Life for freedmen immediately Civil War • 4 Million Enslaved people freed • Black Codes replace slave codes • Where are they going to live? • Food & shelter? • Former Confederates elected to Congress • Like the fox watching the hen house • Vigilante groups • KKK • Black Codes • restrict freed blacks' act How is this different from slavery?

7. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

8. But what if the Southern states ratify the 13th Amendment but refuse to implement it?

9. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

10. These codes were aimed at preventing African Americans from achieving social, political, and economic equality with southern whites. African Americans could not… hold meetings travel w/o own unless whites permits guns were present attend school serve on juries with whites

11. Who is tasked with enforcing the amendment? Federal Government

12. Post-War • The federal government establishes the Freedman’s Bureau-to protect newly freed slaves from the dominant white southern society.

13. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Established in the War Department on March 3, 1865 • The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine.

14. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

15. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

16. Slavery is Dead?

17. Freedman’s Bureau Schools

18. 14th AmendmentJuly 9, 1868 Key Clauses of the 14th Amendment • Four principles were asserted in the text of the 14th amendment. They were: State and federal citizenship for all persons regardless of race both born or naturalized in the United States was reaffirmed. • No state would be allowed to abridge the "privileges and immunities" of citizens. • No person was allowed to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without "due process of law." • No person could be denied "equal protection of the laws."

19. What’s a Federal government to do? • The South was not cooperating with Congress

20. Military Reconstruction Act—1867aka Congressional Reconstruction Plan • Creation of five military districts in the seceded states (not including Tennessee, which had ratified the 14th Amendment and was readmitted to the Union) • Each district was to be headed by a military official empowered to appoint and remove state officials • Voters were to be registered; all freedmen were to be included as well as those white men who took an extended loyalty oath • State constitutional conventions, comprising elected delegates, were to draft new governing documents providing for black male suffrage • States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment prior to readmission

21. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

22. South Readmitted • By 1870, Southern states were readmitted • Some had to ratify 15th amendment too • Reconstruction Constitutions were most LIBERAL • Legal means to overturn Reconstruction often culminated with rewriting these Reconstruction Constitutions.

23. 15th Amendment • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

24. Major Achievements of Reconstruction • 14th and 15th Amendments • African American Participation in Public Life • Readmission of Southern States

25. Failure of Reconstruction • Southern whites were violently opposed to black rights; many in north were indifferent • Rise of KKK • Where army was present, KKK leaders were apprehended and imprisoned • Land Reform—blacks (and poor whites) left to farm tenancy

26. “Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!

27. WHITE SUPREMACY

28. Freedmen’s World • Independent Churches • Political Participation—600 served in State legislatures down to the 1890s. • Dunningite myth still cloud’s African American achievements during Reconstruction

30. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. • Insure against neo-Confederate political power. • Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

31. Dred Scott Decision-overturned by 14th AmendmentAfrican-Americans are now considered citizens Dred Scott.1 print: engraving.Wood engaving in 'Century Magazine', 1887.Prints and Photographs Division.Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-5092

32. The Balance of Power in Congress

33. Sharecropping

34. Black & White Political Participation

35. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

36. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

37. Black Senate & House Delegates

38. Colored Rulein the South?

39. Blacks in Southern Politics • Core voters were black veterans. • Blacks were politically unprepared. • Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. • The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

40. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

41. The Failure of Federal Enforcement • Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. • “The Lost Cause.” • The rise of the“Bourbons.” • Redeemers(prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

42. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places. • Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. • Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. • No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

43. Freedpeople working at the James Hopkinson plantation at Edisto Island, South Carolina. (NARA 64-CN-8971)

44. Relief (Rations)Rations Issued at Fort Smith, Arkansas, in June and July 1867"Names of person, no. of adults and children, Dates of issue, no. of days, no. of lbs. of bacon and corn, and Remarks [race]."Arkansas, Fort Smith (Sebastian County), Register of Persons Drawing RationsM1901, roll 8Next Slide

46. Frederick Douglass, 1866 • The arm of the Federal government is long, but it is far too short to protect the rights of individuals in the interior of distant States. They must have the power to protect themselves, or they will go unprotected, in spite of all the laws the Federal government can put upon the national statute-book.

47. In ClosingIn your journal write whether Reconstruction was or was not a success in obtaining Civil Rights of African Amendments.Think-Have all groups/minorities experienced all of their Civil Rights.