AHSGE Remediation Standards IV-V, Part A

1. AHSGE Remediation Standards IV-V, Part A

2. Standard IV, Objective 1: Identify and evaluate events, causes, and effects of the Civil War. IV, 1 • Recognize and analyze the factors leading to sectional division.

3. What congressional solution made California a free state and gave popular sovereignty to the New Mexico and Utah territories?  Compromise of 1850 (AHSGE): Attempt to settle slave state/free state tensions over the new territory (see map) that had been acquired from Mexico.

4. Clay's Compromise 1. Ended slave trade in the District of Columbia 2. A new fugitive slave law 3. Federal assumption of the Texas debt 4. Admit California as free state 5. Divide remaining Mexican cession into New Mexico and Utah and allow popular sovereignty to decide (in other words, let the people of each territory/state decide).

5. What part of the solution in the Compromise of 1850 upset many northerners?

6. Fugitive Slave Act (AHSGE): Of all the bills that made up the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial and it made abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to slavery. Measures 1. Slaves had no right to a trial by jury 2. Slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf 3. Return to slavery only on the testimony of supposed slave owner 4. Court commissioner received $10 if rule for slave owner; $5 for accused slave 5. No time limit for groups to hunt possible slave

7. Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act made abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to slavery. The Underground Railroad became more active, reaching its peak between 1850 and 1860. The act also brought the subject of slavery before the nation. Many who had previously been ambivalent about slavery now took a definitive stance against the institution.

8. Kansas-Nebraska Act (AHSGE): Gave popular sovereignty to the unorganized territory (see map) What act supported by Stephen Douglas gave popular sovereignty to two territories just west of Missouri? 

9. I. Kansas-Nebraska Act A. Stephen Douglas' motive 1. Preserving the Union by enabling the Midwest to hold the balance of political power between the North and South 2. Uniting the Democrat party around a single issue 3. Encouraging construction of a railroad from Chicago to the West to guarantee a continuous line of settlement between the Midwest and the Pacific

10. B. Concessions for the South 1. Why? Douglas needed the South to agree 2. What were they? a. South wanted railroad to have route from a southern city to the Pacific b. Nebraska was North of parallel 36'30'', which under the Missouri Compromise could not have slaves

11. C. Results 1. Douglas forced to say Nebraska Act would override or supersede the Missouri Compromise 2. It split the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska 3. It applied the principle of popular sovereignty to Nebraska and Kansas, but it was assumed that Kansas, closer to the South, would be slave

12. 4. Anti-slavery supporters accused the K-N act of violated the "sacred pledge" of Missouri Compromise 5. Southerners, originally indifferent, became furious when plan is assaulted 6. Vote on Act passes, but a clear sectional vote 7. Idea of free soil unites northerners

13. What political party was formed in the 1850's that supported the anti-slavery platform (also, it is known as the party of Lincoln)? 

14. Formation of Republican Party (AHSGE): In the 1850s, a new party arose in response to the failures of the Democratic and Whig parties, and the slavery issue (Lincoln a Republican). A. Coalition 1. Former Northern Whigs mad at Southern Whigs 2. Former Northern Democrats mad that Southerners dominated the party 3. Former Know-Nothings B. Issues avoided 1. Economic issues such as tariffs, banking, internal improvements 2. Immigrants/Catholic issues 3. Slavery issue C. Unity Issue--Bleeding Kansas (SEE NOTES)

15. What famous court case upheld the right of slave owners as property holders and disallowed slaves to file court cases? 

16. Dred Scott decision (AHSGE):Supreme Court that decided on the side of slaveholders. Decisions (Taney, Chief Justice) a. Scott could not sue for freedom b. No black, slave or free, could be a U.S. citizen c. Congress could not bar slavery in the territories; therefore Missouri Compromise unconstitutional SEE NOTES

17. Who led the massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, NE and led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry? 

18. John Brown's Raid (AHSGE) raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal. However local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee killed or captured,. within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men.Results: a. Northern abolitionists were incensed b. Southerners were incensed

19. Who won the presidential election in 1860? 

20. 1860 election (AHSGE): Lincoln (Republican)--WINS (wasn't even on many southern ballots) b. John Breckinridge (Democratic, Southern) V.P. under Buchanan, from Kentucky c. Stephen Douglas (Democratic, Northern) Senator from Illinois d. John Bell (Constitutional Union)  U.S. Senator from Tennessee

21. Democratic split (AHSGE): In the 1860 election, the northern and southern democrats split, leading to a republican victory.

22. The U.S. Civil War What state was the first to secede from the Union in 1860? 

23. Secession (AHSGE):South Carolina secedes in Dec. 1860, immediately after the election of Lincoln.

24. Federal response (AHSGE): After much of the lower south secedes, once Lincoln take office, he appeals for 75,000 militiamen to suppress an insurrection in the Lower South. Upper South seceded when Lincoln proclaimed that an insurrection existed

25. formation of Confederacy (AHSGE):In February 1861, representatives from the seven seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama to found the Confederate States of America. Montgomery, AL (AHSGE): location of the 1st capital of the Confederacy. Later moved to Richmond, VA

26. Fort Sumter (AHSGE): site of the first engagement between union and confederate forces in Charleston, SC. Began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.

27. Northern goals (AHSGE): Reunite the secessionist states, even with the use of force. Southern goals (AHSGE): peacefully secede from the north, but if necessary fight a defensive war.

28. What county in Alabama never seceded from the Union? 

29. Winston County (AHSGE):Winston County gained notoriety during the Civil War at the Looney's Tavern meeting where it was declared the "Free State of Winston" with plans to secede from the state though it never did.

30. What state was actually split over the decision to secede and eventually became two states? Virginia What new state was created?

31. West Virginia (AHSGE): Separated from Virginia and stayed with the Union.

32. • Identify and analyze the non-military events of the Civil War. --Political What was the most famous of the Black military units to fight in the Civil War? 

33. creation of black military units (AHSGE): including the Fifty-Fourth regiment, were made up of free Blacks including the sons of Frederick Douglass, who were instrumental in the formation of the 54th.

34. The 54th On July 18, 1863, the regiment won undying glory by leading the bloody assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. In the attack nearly half the regiment was killed, wounded or captured. Colonel Shaw was among those who died. For his bravery in the battle, Sergeant William H. Carney became the first African American to earn the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military award. The survivors of the Fifty-fourth went on to participate in the eventual capture of Fort Wagner several weeks later.     The Fifty-fourth continued to serve throughout the remainder of the war. They fought at Olustee, Florida; Honey Hill, South Carolina; and finally at Boykin's Mills, South Carolina.     The example of steadfast courage and heroism set by the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts paved the way for the enlistment of over 200,000 African Americans in the Union Army and Navy.

35. --Economic What act passed by the Republican dominated congress (during the Civil War) gave 160 acres to western settlers? 

36. Homestead Act (AHSGE): Passed to encourage settlement of the west; Settlers received 160 acres and could gain title to the land by living there for five years. • The federal government helped settle the Great Plains by passing the Homestead Act in 1862.  • For $10, a settler could file for a homestead, or a tract of public land available for settlement.

37. The Homestead Act May 20, 1862 (U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. XII, p. 392 ff.) AN ACT to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain. Be it enacted, That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter-section or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands, upon which said person may have filed a pre-emption claim, or which may, at the time the application is made, be subject to pre-emption at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, per acre; or eighty acres or less of such unappropriated lands, at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, to be located in a body, in conformity to the legal subdivisions of the public lands, and after the same shall have been surveyed: Provided, That any person owning or residing on land may, under the provisions of this act, enter other land lying contiguous to his or her said land, which shall not, with the land so already owned and occupied, exceed in the aggregate one hundred and sixty acres. Sec. 2. That the person applying for the benefit of this act shall, upon application to the register of the land office in which he or she is about to make such entry, make affidavit before the said register or receiver that he or she is the head of a family, or is twenty-one or more years of age, or shall have performed service in the Army or Navy of the United States, and that he has never borne arms against the Government of the United States or given aid and comfort to its enemies, and that such application is made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry is made for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not, either directly or indirectly, for the use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever; and upon filing the said affidavit with the register or receiver, and on payment of ten dollars, he or she shall thereupon he permitted to enter the quantity of land specified: Provided, however, That no certificate shall be given or patent issued therefor until the expiration of five years from the date of such entry; and if, at the expiration of such time, or at any time within two years thereafter, the person making such entry -- or if he be dead, his widow; or in case of her death, his heirs or devisee; or in case of a widow making such entry, her heirs or devisee, in case of her death -- shall prove by two credible witnesses that he, she, or they have resided upon or cultivated the same for the term of five years immediately succeeding the time of filing the affidavit aforesaid, and shall make affidavit that no part of said land has been alienated, and that he has borne true allegiance to the Government of the United States; then, in such case, he, she, or they, if at that time a citizen of the United States, shall be entitled to a patent, as in other cases provided for by law: And provided, further, That in case of the death of both father and mother, leaving an infant child or children under twenty-one years of age, the right and fee shall inure to the benefit of said infant child or children, and the executor, administrator, or guardian may, at any time within two years after the death of the surviving parent, and in accordance with the laws of the State in which such children for the time being have their domicile, sell said land for the benefit of said infants, but for no other purpose; and the purchaser shall acquire the absolute title by the purchase, and be entitled to a patent from the United States, and payment of the office fees and sum of money herein specified.. ..

40. What act passed by the Republican dominated congress (during the Civil War) gave large land grants to states from the federal government?  • Morrill Land Grant Act (AHSGE) gave federal land grants to states for the purposes of establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges 

41. Land Grant Institutions ALABAMA Alabama A&M University Auburn University Tuskegee University ALASKA University of Alaska, Fairbanks ARIZONA University of Arizona ARKANSAS University of Arkansas University of Arkansas Pine Bluff CALIFORNIA University of California COLORADO Colorado State University CONNECTICUT University of Connecticut DELAWARE Delaware State College University of Delaware DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA University of the District of Columbia FLORIDA Florida A&M University University of Florida GEORGIA Fort Valley State College University of Georgia GUAM University of Guam HAWAII University of Hawaii IDAHO University of Idaho ILLINOIS University of Illinois INDIANA Purdue University IOWA Iowa State University KANSAS Kansas State University KENTUCKY Kentucky State University University of Kentucky LOUISANNA Louisiana State University Southern University MAINE University of Maine MARYLAND University of Maryland University of Maryland, College Park MASSACHUSETTS University of Massachusetts MICHIGAN Michigan State University MINNESOTA University of Minnesota MISSISSIPPI Alcorn State University Mississippi State University MISSOURI Lincoln University University of Missouri MONTANA Montana State University-Bozeman NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBAL COLLEGES (click here) NEBRASKA University of Nebraska NEVADA University of Nevada, Reno NEW HAMPSHIRE University of New Hampshire NEW JERSEY Rutgers - the State University of New Jersey NEW MEXICO New Mexico State University NEW YORK Cornell University NORTH CAROLINA North Carolina A&T State University North Carolina State University NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota State University OHIO Ohio State University OKLAHOMA Langston University Oklahoma State University OREGON Oregon State University PENNSYLVANIA Pennsylvania State University PUERTO RICO University of Puerto Rico RHODE ISLAND University of Rhode Island SOUTH CAROLINA Clemson University South Carolina State University SOUTH DAKOTA South Dakota State University TENNESSEE Tennessee State University University of Tennessee TEXAS Prairie View A&M University Texas A&M University UTAH Utah State University VERMONT University of Vermont VIRGIN ISLANDS University of the Virgin Islands VIRGINIA Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Virginia State University WASHINGTON Washington State University WEST VIRGINIA West Virginia University West Virginia State College WISCONSIN University of Wisconsin-Madison WYOMING University of Wyoming

42. --Cultural Draft opposition (AHSGE) with the manpower shortage on both sides during the war, both side started a draft (Confederacy first); it was resisted by southerners and New York had riots. The Confederacy passed its first of 3 conscription acts 16 April 1862, and scarcely a year later the Union began conscripting men. exemption and commutation clauses allowed propertied men to avoid service, thus laying the burden on immigrants and men with few resources. Occupational, only-son, and medical exemptions created many loopholes in the laws. Doctors certified healthy men unfit for duty, while some physically or mentally deficient conscripts went to the front after sham examinations. Enforcement presented obstacles of its own; many conscripts simply failed to report for duty.

44. Under the Union draft act men faced the possibility of conscription in July 1863 and in Mar., July, and Dec. 1864. Draft riots ensued, notably in New York in 1863. Of the 249,259 18-to-35-year-old men whose names were drawn, only about 6% served, the rest paying commutation or hiring a substitute.        The first Confederate conscription law also applied to men between 18 and 35, providing for substitution (repealed Dec. 1863) and exemptions. A revision, approved 27 Sept. 1862, raised the age to 45; 5 days later the legislators passed the expanded Exemption Act. The Conscription Act of Feb. 1864 called all men between 1 7 and 50. Conscripts accounted for one-fourth to one-third of the Confederate armies east of the Mississippi between Apr. 1864 and early 1865. Source: "Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War" Edited by Patricia L. Faust

45. What did Lincoln pass on Jan. 1, 1863 granting freedom to slaves in the Confederate states in rebellion? 

46. Emancipation Proclamation (AHSGE): Lincoln declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free," Jan. 1, 1863 granting freedom to slaves in the Confederate states in rebellion  Emancipation--strengthened the moral cause of the Union Lincoln's political reasons 1. The desire to injure the Confederacy, threaten its property, heighten its dread, saps its moral, and hasten its demise 2. The need to gain the support of European liberals, who wanted a crusade against slavery 3. His intention to steal the political initiative from the Radical Republicans in Congress.

47. Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately free a single slave, it fundamentally transformed the character of the war.

48. --Legal What did Lincoln suspend during the Civil War, depriving many citizens of their civil rights? 

49. Suspension of Habeas Corpus (AHSGE):During the Civil War, Lincoln (to limit pockets of secession in Union states), in certain regions, suspended the right of prisoners to appear before a judge. Habeas corpus says that authorities must bring a person they arrest before a judge who orders it. The U.S. Constitution says: "The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it." But Lincoln suspended habeas corpus without waiting for Congress to authorize it. Lincoln's action meant that individuals could be arrested and held without formal charges being lodged against them. Taney ruled that Lincoln's order violated Article 1, Section 9, of the U.S. Constitution, which gave only Congress the power to suspend habeas corpus. Lincoln ignored the ruling. Congress ratified the suspension in 1863. Civil War scholars generally point to the large pockets of anti-war sentiment in the Union states as a justification for his wartime suspension of civil liberties.

50. Examine the military defeat of the Confederacy. What was the first major battle of the Civil War?  First Battle of Bull Run (AHSGE): or Manassas; 1st major land battlein which Union soldiers were routed but Confederate soldiers did not pursue. Location: Fairfax County and Prince William County Campaign: Manassas Campaign (July 1861) Date(s): July 21, 1861 Principal Commanders: Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell [US]; Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard [CS] Forces Engaged: 60,680 total (US 28,450; CS 32,230) Estimated Casualties: 4,700 total (US 2,950; CS 1,750)