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MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY. Morphology. Morphology = study of word structure Morpheme = minimal unit of meaning. Lexeme. We can begin with a rough conception of forms that a word can take on while still being the same word (lexeme)

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MORPHOLOGY

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  1. MORPHOLOGY

  2. Morphology Morphology= study of word structure Morpheme= minimal unit of meaning

  3. Lexeme We can begin with a rough conception of forms that a word can take on while still being the same word (lexeme) One entry in the dictionary for sing, sang, sung, another for singer. Alternate forms of the same lexeme are formed by inflectional morphology; if there is a common (fixed) form, it’s called the inflectional stem.

  4. Derivational morphology Forms new words (new lexemes) from other words. Typically, the meaning changes. The change in meaning can be subtle, extralinguistic: telly for television, Aussiefor Australian

  5. Morpheme • the smallest unit of linguistic meaning. • A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. Example:      un+system+atic+al+ly ( the word unsystematically can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes) • A grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed. • Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.

  6. Freevs. bound • Free morphemes can stand alone, bound morphemes appear only as parts of words • Bound morphemes may be „basic” , no longer used independently (freely) • Sometimes have little meaning (but always meaningful, like all morphemes) Example free morpheme girl, system, bound morphemeun-, dis-, -ly

  7. Theinternalstructure Morphemes Bound Free AffixesClosed Class Open Class (Function words) (Content words) Derivational Inflectional (new meaning)(change grammaticalPrepositions Nouns, function)Conjun. etc.Verbs, etc prefix suffix suffix

  8. Derivational morphemes • Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems. • They can be both suffixes and prefixes in  English. Examples:    beautiful • Change of Meaning  Examples:un+do (the opposite meaning of ?do?) • Change of the syntacticcategory    (optionally) 

  9. Inflectionalmorphemes • Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes  • They are only found in suffixes in  English.  Examples:  boys • No change of meaning  • Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to which they are   attached. Example: walk walked

  10. English inflectional morphemes (8 suffixes) • /z/ -s, the plural suffix of nouns • /z/ -’s, the possessive suffix • /z/ -s, the present tense 3rd person singular • /d/ -ed, the past tense suffix of verbs • // -ing, the present participle suffix • // -er, the comparative suffix of adjectives • //-est, the superlative suffix of adjectives • /()/- (e)n, the past participle suffix of some verbs(e.g. broken, eaten)

  11. Reduplication • Repetition of the first part of the singular form Example: Ilocano ulo (head) sg. ululo (heads) pl.

  12. Infix • Infix – an affix placed inside the word • Example: Tagalog basa (‘read’) -----> bumasa (‘Read!’) • Infix can be derivational: Kamhmu hiip (‘to eat with a spoon’) hrniip (‘a spoon’)

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