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The French Revolution

The French Revolution. EHAP. Preliminary Stage. Causes of the French Revolution. The Enlightenment. Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau) Personal Freedoms (Voltaire) Social Contract (Hobbes) Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights (Locke) Global Influence of Enlightenment Values

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The French Revolution

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  1. The French Revolution EHAP

  2. Preliminary Stage

  3. Causes of the French Revolution

  4. The Enlightenment • Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau) • Personal Freedoms (Voltaire) • Social Contract (Hobbes) • Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights (Locke) • Global Influence of Enlightenment Values • American Revolution • Overthrow the ancien régime (old order)

  5. Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI

  6. Financial Crisis • During 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts • American Revolution? • Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy • Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788 • Bread prices went up 50% in 1789 • Need for tax reform • Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on ancien régime • Aristocracy resisted reforms • Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time since 1614

  7. Estates General • First Estate: 100,000 Catholic clergy • Did not pay taxes • Second Estate: 400,000 nobles • Exempt from many taxes • Third Estate: Rest of Population • Sans-culottes • Provided bulk of French tax revenue

  8. Discussion Questions What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the American and French Revolutions? Differences?

  9. Initial Stage(1789-1791)

  10. Calling of the Estates-General May 5, 1789

  11. The National Assembly June 20, 1789 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

  12. Storming of the Bastille French citizens fearing King Louis XVI would use violence to put down the revolution stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789

  13. Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen • Passed by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789 • Not a Constitution but a statement of general principals • Defines individual and collective rights • Does not address women or slavery

  14. Women’s March Storming of Versailles October 1, 1789

  15. Crisis Stage(1792-1794)

  16. Radicals Take Control Arrest of Louis XVI August 10, 1792

  17. Execution of Louis XVI January 21, 1793

  18. Radical Reforms of the Jacobins • Universal adult male suffrage • Abolished slavery • Fuels Haitian Revolution • Universal military conscription • Increased rights of women • Could not participate in politics • Attacked Catholicism • Spirit of nationalism • Set price controls & seized crops from farmers

  19. Festival of the Supreme Being

  20. Reign of Terror “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.” • Led by Maximilien Robespierre • According to records 16,000+ died under the guillotine • Historians estimate could be as high as 40,000

  21. British View of Reign of Terror

  22. End of the Terror July 28, 1794

  23. Discussion Question How were the actions of American radicals and French radicals similar? How were they different?

  24. Recovery Stage(1794-1815)

  25. Napoleon Bonaparte • Moderate government, the Directory, rules for four years following Reign of Terror • Failed to solve economic problems of France • Napoleon staged a coup d’etat in 1799 • Becomes emperor in 1804

  26. Domestic Policies of Napoleon • Maintained some rights gainedduring the revolution • Freedom of religion • Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) • Schools and universities • Reversed other gains • Rights of women • Freedom of expression • Reformed economy • Revised tax code • Central bank

  27. Napoleon’s Empire Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1912 Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

  28. Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia

  29. Napoleon on Elba This should NOT be a prison

  30. Battle of Waterloo

  31. Legacy of the French Revolution • Global Independence movements • Haitian Revolution • Latin American independence • Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain • Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire • Slave Trade and Slavery • England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833 • Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888) • Abolition of serfdom • Except in Russia

  32. Legacy of the French Revolution • Women’s Rights • Played major role in the revolutions • Sewing uniforms, nurses, running businesses, some even fought • Lost many rights after revolution • Napoleon • Feminist Movements • Mary Wollstonecraft • Spread of nationalism in Europe • German and Italian unification • Greek independence

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