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World War I (1914-1918)

World War I (1914-1918). The Underlying Causes of “The Great War”. Imperialism Nationalism Militarism Balance of Power: The Alliance System. VOCABULARY. Imperialism. empire-building : the policy of extending the rule or influence of a country over other countries or colonies.

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World War I (1914-1918)

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  1. World War I (1914-1918)

  2. The Underlying Causes of “The Great War” • Imperialism • Nationalism • Militarism • Balance of Power: The Alliance System

  3. VOCABULARY Imperialism empire-building: the policy of extending the rule or influence of a country over other countries or colonies

  4. 20th Century Imperialism

  5. VOCABULARY Nationalism • Extreme patriotism: excessive or fanatical devotion to a nation, often with a belief that one country is superior to all others • Desire of a people under foreign control to become independent

  6. VOCABULARY Militarism government policy of investing heavily in and strengthening the armed forces

  7. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (left), Albrecht von Roon (center) & Helmuth von Moltke (right) in 1860’s

  8. Britain France Russia Has an alliance with the Serbia (Eventually Japan & US) Germany Austria-Hungary Has an alliance with Bulgaria The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Italy, but… Peacekeeping Alliances? ALLIES (Triple Entente) CENTRAL POWERS(Triple Alliance)

  9. The “Spark” that Starts the War • Austria-Hungary controlled Serbia • Serbians wanted independence • June 14, 1914—Austrian Archduke (Prince) Franz Ferdinand visits Serbia • This is Serbian independence day • Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian ultra-nationalist, GavriloPrincip of the group “The Black Hand”

  10. “Come in America—the blood’s fine

  11. Hotel in Verdun: Before War

  12. Hotel in Verdun: After War

  13. Esnes: Before War

  14. Esnes: After War

  15. US Response to the War • President Wilson proclaims neutrality • Neutrality “in thought as well as in deed” • Nearly all Americans agree • Calls for a “peace without victory” • US heavily aides the Allies

  16. Woodrow Wilson “To make the world safe for democracy.”

  17. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany

  18. Why America Enters the War • Economic Ties to Allies • 1914--$753 million • 1916--$3 billion • Trade with Central Powers • 1914--$345 million • 1916--$29 million • Largely because of blockades

  19. WW I & the US Economy • US companies had loaned $1.5 billion to Allies • US economy expands dramatically • Increased production • Almost no unemployment • Leads to boom of the 1920’s

  20. German U-Boats

  21. German U-Boats • Germany did not match England in navy • England able to blockade the Central Powers • Germany close to starving • Submarines used to attack English ships (begins in Feb. 1915) • Also, to attack other ships bringing supplies to England

  22. The Lusitania • British passenger ship torpedoed by German sub in May 1915 • 1,200 die • Including 128 Americans • Later shown that it carried weapons bound for England • NOT THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF US ENTRY INTO THE WAR!!!!! (in fact, Germany halts attacks on non-military vessels after attack on Sussex in Mar. 1916)

  23. Why America Enters the War • Cultural connections to England • Language, customs, founding, etc. • Economic Ties to Allies • Slow build up of US military in 1916 • Wilson signs National Defense Act of 1916 followed by the Selective Service Act of 1917

  24. Why America Enters the War • Cultural connections to England • Language, customs, founding, etc. • Economic Ties to Allies • Slow build up of US military in 1916 • Wilson signs National Defense Act of 1916 followed by the Selective Service Act of 1917 • German sub warfare • Unrestricted sub warfare resumes Feb. 1, 1917

  25. Why America Enters the War • Cultural connections to England • Language, customs, founding, etc. • Economic Ties to Allies • Slow build up of US military in 1916 • Wilson signs National Defense Act of 1916 followed by the Selective Service Act of 1917 • German sub warfare • Unrestricted sub warfare resumes Feb. 1, 1917 • Zimmerman Telegram • Intercepted Jan. 16, 1917; German request for Mexico to join war in exchange for getting land back from US

  26. The Zimmerman Telegram • Sent by Ger. Foreign Secretary to German ambassador to Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt, with proposal to Carranza gov’t. • Offer Mexico return of TX, NM & AZ in return for war on U.S. • Spoke of USW resuming 2/1/17 • Telegram released to public 3/1/17

  27. Why America Enters the War • Cultural connections to England • Language, customs, founding, etc. • Economic Ties to Allies • Slow build up of US military in 1916 • NDA of 1916 & Selective Service Act of 1917 • German sub warfare • Unrestricted sub warfare resumes Feb. 1, 1917 • Zimmerman Telegram • Intercepted Jan. 16, 1917; German request for Mexico to join war in exchange for getting land back from US • War declared in April 1917

  28. VOCABULARY prepare forces for action: to organize people or resources to be ready for action mobilize

  29. U.S. Military Preparedness • Pershing’s Punitive Mission had alarmed many Americans about our vulnerability. • Wilson signs National Defense Act of June 1916 to increase volunteerism and the size of our army from less than 100K to 165K by 1921. • Effectiveness? • Wilson signs Selective Service Act of 1917 to increase military to 1 million! • Patriotism was high, so most enlisted • 350K dodged the draft

  30. War Mobilization at Home • Public Relations • The Committee on Public Information (CPI) is created to “sell” the War • Headed by George Creel • 75,000,000 flyers & posters • Patriotic organizations(e.g. American Alliance for Labor and Democracyw/ Sam Gompers) • “Four Minute Men”

  31. This Lord Kitchener 1914 recruitment poster… … is adapted into this 1917 U.S. Army poster!

  32. This one served a different purpose.

  33. War Mobilization at Home • Public Relations • Population moves • Blacks to Northern factories; Mexicans to US • US govt. builds railroads from Mexico

  34. The Great Migration • 500,000 blacks move from South to big northern cities, (Detroit, Chicago, New York) • “push”—Jim Crow racism • “pull”—wartime jobs & opportunies • Opportunity & freedom • But also massive resistance from whites • Race riots in Chicago, Detroit, East St. Louis

  35. Railroad Routes, 1900

  36. War Mobilization at Home • Public Relations • Population moves • Rationing & Regulation • War Industries Board (WIB) • Govt took over railroads & set production quotas • “Meatless Monday” & “Wheatless Wednesday” • Daylight savings time

  37. War Mobilization at Home • Public Relations • Population moves • Rationing • War Bonds & Income Taxes (16th Amendment) • Cost of War more than total US budget in 1910

  38. War Mobilization at Home • Public Relations • Population moves • Rationing • War Bonds & Income Taxes • Repression of dissent

  39. Civil Liberties Repression During WW I • Espionage & Sedition Acts • Made it illegal to speak against the government & War • 1,500 arrests (including Eugene Debs) • Banned radical materials from the mails • Including “The Masses” • Vigilante Attacks & Informal Repression • Lynchings & beatings • Spying & intimidation

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