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Syntax

Syntax. EDL 1201 Linguistics for ELT. Objectives. Constituent analysis. Structural analysis Application for classroom use. Definitions. Knowledge of sentences and their structures (Fromkin, pg 118)

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Syntax

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  1. Syntax EDL 1201 Linguistics for ELT

  2. Objectives • Constituent analysis. • Structural analysis • Application for classroom use

  3. Definitions • Knowledge of sentences and their structures (Fromkin, pg 118) • Is the part of grammar that governs the form of strings by which language users make statements, ask questions, gives directives, etc. (Finegan, pg 146) • Grammatical arrangements of words in sentences.

  4. What Fromkin means by structure is also word order • Word order in constructing sentences depends on rules. This is one of the universals of language. • Try ex on pg 119 Grammatical or Ungrammatical?

  5. Constituent analysis • Constituents – are natural groupings of a sentence • Eg “The child found the puppy” (pg 123) • “What did you find?” answer “a puppy”. • The answer that can be used to answer the question is a constituent. • Our knowledge on constituent structure may be graphically represented as a tree structure. Pg 125

  6. Every sentence in a language is associated with one or more constituent structures. • If a sentence has more than 1 constituent structure, it is ambiguous. • Eg ‘synthetic buffalo hides’

  7. Syntactic category • Any group of words which can substitute another word of the same category without losing its grammaticality. • “The child put….” pg 125 • Eg. ‘the child’ can be substituted with ‘a police officer’, ‘your neighbour’, etc. • All these words belong to a syntactic category called the Noun Phrase (NP). • Read 127

  8. Phrase structure tree • Is sometimes called a constiuent structure tree. • - it is a graphic representation of a speaker’s knowledge of the sentence structure in their language. • Words are inlinear order, they are grouped in syntactic categories, and have hierarchical structure.

  9. Phrase structure tree • Look at example pg 129 • Try ex. 3, 6, and 7, pg 166-167

  10. What grammatically is not based on? • 1. Not based on having heard a particular sentence before • For example: sentence on pg 120. • “Enormous crickets in pink socks danced at the prom” • Or “dalam perjalanan pulang aku ternampak seorang perandi yang kusar bermurap untuk menunggal sebuah kerup. Kerup yang akan bergentur ke Kg Jaloi.”

  11. 2. grammatical judgements do not depend on whether a sentence is meaningful or not. For example, • “Colourless green ideas sleep furiously”. • A combination of both 1 and 2: • “I lost my handosh, said the woman.”

  12. Grammatical or not? 3 • It may be a combination of nonsensical words • See Fromkin pg 121 • “Twas brillig, and the slithy toves”

  13. What else about syntax? • Other than grammatical or not, it also acounts for multiple meanings as well, or ambiguity. • Words have hierachical structure • See pg 121 ‘buffalo hides’ • See other examples – pg 122 • Syntactic knowledge also enables us to determine the grammatical relations between sentences.

  14. Knowledge of syntax accounts for: • The grammaticality of sentences • Word order • Hierarchical organisation of sentences • Grammatical relations such as subject – object • Whether diff structures have diff or same meaning • The creative aspect of language

  15. The end

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