From Trustee Colony to Royal Colony

1. From Trustee Colony to Royal Colony • Trustee period: 1732-1752 • Referred to as Trustee Georgia because during that time a Board of Trustees ruled the colony

2. Ending the Trustee Period • During the 20 years of the Trustee period, many accomplishments were made: • 5500 people had settled in Georgia, building homes and starting new lives • Settlers escaping religious persecution were able to worship freely • Treaties with the Native Americans, as well as the elimination of the Spanish threat of invasion (Battle of Bloody Marsh), had ended the need for British protection • Court system still functioned: by 1750, colonists had gained outright ownership of land, and women were able to inherit property • Bethesda Orphans Home in Ebenezer became Bethesda House (school) • Provided basic education to many future Georgia leaders Bethesda Home for Boys, 1740 1361 PH Georgia Historical Society Photograph Collection, Box 7, Folder 12, Item 1303

3. Georgia as a Royal Colony • When the original charter ended in 1752, Georgia became a British royal colony (this lasted until the end of the American Revolution—1783) • Royal colony: one directly governed by the king • Proprietary colony (GA: 1732-1752): governed by a board of trustees • 1752: Puritans from SC started moving into present-day Liberty County, bringing their slaves with them. They began growing rice and indigo (why?) and built a port at Sunbury so that planters could ship their crops

4. John Reynolds (1st royal Governor:1754-1757) • Arrived in Georgia on October 1, 1754—colonists cheered at his arrival • Introduced the idea of self-government: wanted the colonists to help run the government • Set up a court system: Court of Conscience

5. Government in the Royal Colony • Bicameral (two chamber) legislature was set up to represent the 8 parishes of the colony • Parish: a British government district • Lower house: Commons House of Assembly • Those wishing to join the Assembly had to own at least 500 acres of land • Upper house: Governor’s Council • Governor appointed members of the Governor’s Council • New government met for the 1st time in 1755 in Savannah • reorganized state militia • passed bills to build/repair roads • drew up codes to restrict the rights of slaves

7. Court System in the Royal Colony • Reynolds did set up a court. • Court of Conscience: presided over by a local justice of the peace • When colonists had complaints, they would go before this court • Cases that could not be settled went to the Governor’s Council

8. Reynolds’ Downfall • Reynolds dissolved the legislature when he felt threatened that they would undermine his authority • Without the legislature, Reynolds attempted to run the government himself, making the colonists angry • Lacked diplomacy in dealing with Natives – which was VERY important with the French & Indian War going on… • Angry colonists (including a large land-holder) wrote to King George complaining about Reynolds actions. He relinquished control of Georgia to Henry Ellis in 1756. King George II—in a Royal Colony, the King has ultimate control

9. Henry Ellis (1757-1760 • Took control after Reynolds • Learned quickly from Reynolds’ mistakes • Known as the “Second Founder of Georgia” • Ellis taught Georgians the art of self-government. He created a budget, taxes, clarified land titles with Natives, ended the political drama… • Brought people together from many different political groups • Population almost doubled under his term: 1759—population was about 10,000 including 3,600 slaves • Colony made several economic gains • profitable farms • more merchants with a greater variety of goods • This allowed colonists to buy things they could not grow or manufacture (cloth, sugar, farming tools, seeds for planting) • Left office after becoming ill in 1760 Carte de la Caroline and Georgia Pour Servir a l'Histoire Generale des Voyages, drawn by M. B. Ing of the French Navy, 1757 (Map of Carolina and Georgia to Serve the General History of Travels) Georgia Historical Society Map Collection, #298 SS

10. He built a solid foundation for Georgia. He had skills that Reynolds did not. • Ellis’s most important skill involved his communication with Native American tribes. • He held on to the friendship of the Creek Nation and declared Georgia’s authority to control the Indian trade. • By 1760, an ailing Ellis left Georgia and the governor position. • He also created the first 8 counties – called parishes.

11. James Wright (1760-1781) • 3rd Royal governor • Born in S.C. (was the previous S.C. Attorney General • Loyal to the King, but wanted the colonies to prosper • Believed that Georgia would continue to grow if: • large farms were bigger • trading expanded • western lands of the colony were opened to settlers • James Wright was very popular and held the governor’s position for sixteen years, from 1760 to 1776. Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries

12. Impact of the French & Indian War • Georgia did not fight in the war but gained lands from it. • In the Treaty of Paris of 1763 – which ended the French & Indian war – it took land from the Spanish and extended Georgia’s lands to the St. Mississippi River and there was a Proclamation of 1763. • Proclamation of 1763: took Frances lands west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. But it RESERVED this land for the Natives who helped the British.

13. Land Grants & Demand for Slaves • Settlers who came to the colony by way of the Trust’s charity, were limited to 50 acre land grants. • Those who paid their way could have up to 500 acres of land. • Those who paid their way were required to have at least one servant or family member for every fifty acres of their grant. • This rule helped ensure that enough men were available to defend the colony.

14. Completed defenses around Savannah surrounded with palisades (strong wooden wall for defense) area forts made stronger Sunbury: became the colony’s official port of entry for ships from other colonies and countries Economy was growing both legislative houses worked together to build the economy (rice, indigo, silk) farmers were allowed to borrow more money and buy land More schools/books (mostly for upper class) Georgia Gazette: 1st newspaper in the colony Mothers dying in childbirth Schools were mostly for upper-class So-called “undesirable people”: settlers from Virginia and the Carolinas who settled in the middle and western parts of the colony Came to be known as ‘crackers’ meant to be an insult for the lower classes thought of as people who did not obey the law and were not welcome in the colony No colony defense plan Lower class wanted a voice in government Independence Movement: economic and political freedom Changes in Georgia (1760-1781)

15. Slavery in the Royal Georgia Colony • 1750: Trustee’s law banning slavery lifted • Slaves had no legal rights to private lives • could not legally marry or live where they wanted • usually were not taught to read • rebellion against slave owners was nearly impossible • punishment included separation from family, beatings, death • By the mid-1750’s, previous debates against slavery were non-existent: • Almost every white person in the Georgia low-country believed that having slaves was essential to their economic prosperity Africans captured to be sold into slavery crossed the Atlantic Ocean lying pressed together in crowded ships' holds. The city of Savannah served as a major port for the Atlantic slave trade from 1750, when the Georgia colony repealed its ban on slavery, until 1798, when the state outlawed the importation of slaves. --From “The New Georgia Encyclopedia” Do slave activity.

16. Slavery • Between 1750 and 1775, the number of Africans living in slavery increased from 500 to 18,000. • These Africans had no rights. • They were not allowed to marry, or live where they wanted, or even learn to read. • They had to work and live in the harsh conditions of the Georgia rice fields. • Rebellion against slave owners was almost impossible. • Punishment included beatings, whippings, separation from friends or family, and even death.

17. End of the Royal Colony • In 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, Georgia declared its independence from the British Crown along with other British colonies. • Georgia allowed James Wright to escape to an awaiting British ship – before the patriots could tar and feather him; and possibly hang him!