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West African Civilizations

West African Civilizations. Chapter 15 Section 2. Key Terms. Ghana Malli Sundiata Mansa Musa Ibn Battuta Songhai Hausa Yoruba Benin. Empire of Ghana. Limited trade Most animals cannot cross the desert 3 rd century camels were used

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West African Civilizations

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  1. West African Civilizations Chapter 15 Section 2

  2. Key Terms • Ghana • Malli • Sundiata • Mansa Musa • Ibn Battuta • Songhai • Hausa • Yoruba • Benin

  3. Empire of Ghana • Limited trade • Most animals cannot cross the desert • 3rd century camels were used • 700 Ghana grew rich by taxing goods and traders traveling through the country

  4. Gold-Salt Trade • Gold came from the forest • Niger and Senegal • Two thirds of worlds gold came from Ghana till 1350 • Sahara had salt • People build houses out of salt

  5. Gold-Salt Trade • Berbers crossed the desert in camel caravans • Traders brought gold from the North • Merchants met in trading cities • Made sure taxes paid and good weighed fairly • Royal guards provided protection

  6. Land of Gold • 800 Ghana an empire • Only king could own gold nuggets • Gold dust was traded • King limited gold supply and kept price upGhana’s ruler • Religious leader • Chief judge • Military commander

  7. Islamic Influences • Spread through trade and conquest • 11th century Ghana converted too Islam • Animism-spirits in living things play an important part in life • Islam encouraged literacy

  8. Islamic Influences • Converts to Islam had to read the Qur’an • 1076 Muslim Almoravids completed conquest of Ghana • Almoravid eventually left Ghana • War badly disrupted gold-salt trade

  9. Empire of Mali • 1235 kingdom emerged • Mali’s wealth built on gold • Trade routes shifted eastward to Mali • Sundiata-Mali’s first great leader • Became Mali’s Mansa (emperor)

  10. Sundiata Conquers an Empire • Sundiata had a period of peace • He had administrators for finance • Promoted agriculture and the gold-salt trade • Mali means where the king lives

  11. Mansa Musa • Ruled from 1312-1332 • Skilled military leader • 100,000 man Army protects against attack • Empire expanded to twice its size • Divided into provinces with governors

  12. Mansa Musa • Went on a Hajj to Mecca • Ordered new mosques in Timuktu • Became most important city in the empire • Judges • Doctors • Scholars • Religious leaders • Excellent universities and mosques

  13. Travels of Ibn Battuta • 1352 successor to Mansa Musa • From Tangier • Traveled for 27 years visiting most Muslim countries • Traveled safely, praised the Qur’an • Criticized for not following moral code

  14. Travels of Ibn Battuta • Left Mali in 1353 • Empire began to weaken • Successors lacked the ability to govern • Gold trade shifted as new fields were found

  15. Empire of Songhai • People of the east • Strong Army • Sunni Ali • Rule begins in 1464 • captures Timbuktu • Five years later took Djenne • Surrounded the city for 7 years • Married their queen

  16. Askia Muhammad • 1492 after Sunni’s death • Drove Sunni Ali’s son from power • Ruled for 37 years • Excellent administrator • Centralized the government • Appointed officials to run the government

  17. Askia Muhammad • Lacked modern weapons • Arabs develop first gun to shoot arrows • Moroccan’s had cannons • Moroccans quickly defeated the Songhai • Ends 1000 year period of kingdoms and empires ruled central Africa

  18. Other Peoples of West Africa • Hausa- group of people named after their language • Appeared 1000-1200 Mali and Songhai • Hausa city-states • Vigorous slave trade • Traded horses, harnesses, guns

  19. Other Peoples of West Africa • All Hausa city-states had similar government • Ministers and officials check power • Each city-state had an army (mounted horsemen) • Fighting between city-states prevented and empire

  20. Yoruba Kings and Artists • All spoke a common language • Number of small city-states in Benin • Farmers • Joined together to form several Yoruba Kingdoms

  21. Yoruba Kings and Artists • Kings considered divine • Descendants of Ife • Creator sent the first ruler to earth • Sons became head of Yoruba kingdoms • Chiefs consider king highest spiritual authority

  22. Yoruba Kings and Artists • Secret society reviewed the king’s decisions • Ife and Oyo two largest kingdoms • Ife most powerful from 1100-1600 • City dwellers crafts people and traders

  23. Yoruba Kings and Artists • Ife artists • Carved wood • Carved ivory • Terra cotta sculptures • Sculptures caste in metal • Rulers supplied artists • Clay and metal portray rulers life

  24. Kingdom of Benin • Delta of Niger River • Port of Gwatto • Traded with Portuguese • First kings 1200’s • Descent from first king of Ife • Lagos, Nigeria • Fortified with walls

  25. Kingdom of Benin • Huge palace • Artists created • Brass heads of the royal family • Copper figurines • Brass plaques on wall showed historical scenes and deeds of nobles • Learned from an Ife artist

  26. Kingdom of Benin • 1480’s Portuguese traded pepper, leopard skins, ivory and enslaved persons • Began European interference in Africa • They enslaved Africans • Seized territories for colonies • Prospered from trade

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