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Some Elements of Internet Governance

Some Elements of Internet Governance. Peter Dengate Thrush Chairman, ICANN Board of Directors. APTLD Meeting Noumea, 8 April 2011. 1. Today ’ s Agenda. Brief history of the development of the Internet Emergence of ICANN as global resource coordinator What ICANN does

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Some Elements of Internet Governance

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  1. Some Elements of InternetGovernance Peter Dengate Thrush Chairman, ICANN Board of Directors APTLD Meeting Noumea, 8 April 2011 1

  2. Today’s Agenda • Brief history of the development of the Internet • Emergence of ICANN as global resource coordinator • What ICANN does • What ICANN does not do • Signing the Root; introducing Security Extensions to DNS • Internationalising domain names • Affirmation of Commitments • New gTLDs • IPv4 – IPv6 • Conclusions

  3. ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET • United States Government (Department of Defence) funding packet switching research by industry contractors. • The Advanced Research Project Agency in the 1960’s – ARPAnet. • 29 October 1969: Stanford Research Institute and UCLA linked. • December 1969, 4 Nodes; Needed a “file coordinator”- Jon Postel, graduate research student at UCLA • The functions collectively become known as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). • Many other networks being developed; FidoNet, BitNet, BBS UUCP, x.25 Sublink ( Italy) NPL( UK)

  4. THE FIRST “INTERNET” • Commercial use of the military ARPANET was prohibited. • Other networks being developed by other USG agencies, including NASA, CSNET, NSFNET and DoE. Heavy investment by USG continued. • National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded statutory authority by USG to support the scientific backbone of the Internet. • Funding to IBM, MSI and Merit which results in the NSF NET. Becomes connected to ARPAnet…the Internet emerges. • 1992 Congress approves commercial activity on NSF NET. • 7/1992 NSF signs dotcom contract with Networks Solutions

  5. INTERNET ADDRESSES • Every host computer on the Internet has a numerical address: • 202.49.154.176 • IANA allocates blocks of addresses to “volunteer” regional registries • ARIN, RIPE, LACNIC AFRINIC and APNIC allocate addresses to ISPs on demand. • Addresses are the most crucial resource of the internet.

  6. TOP LEVEL DOMAIN NAMES 1.generic Top Level Domains (“gTLDs”); and 2. country code Top Level Domains (“ccTLDs”) gTLDs were: .arpa, .mil, .gov, .edu, .int, .net, .org, and .com Now include: .aero, .museum, .pro, .coop, .biz, .info, .name,.asia, .tel, .travel, .cat, .mobi, .jobs .post, and .xxx ( total of 23) ccTLDs are based on a list of accepted abbreviations for country names, prepared by the International Standards Organisation (ISO 3166-1) There are 243 ccTLDs

  7. THE BEGINNINGS OF CORPORATISATION • Vinton Cerf (the “father of the internet”) formed the IAB ( Internet Architecture Board) in 1990. • ISOC ( The “Internet Society”) was formed in 1992. • IAB became a committee of ISOC. • Postel was founding member of IAB. • He was the first individual member of ISOC. • July 1994 Postel proposes to transfer IANA to ISOC. • USG questions whether ISOC has jurisdiction and rights.

  8. PRESSURE ON gTLDs • September 1995 Postel proposes additional gTLDs managed by others. • 150 new “descriptive TLDs – “.web, .sex,” proposed. • 2% of income to go to an ISOC-managed fund. • Opposition came from everywhere – Robert Shaw of the ITU; Trade mark owners (INTA); and the net community. A new, community-wide solution was needed.

  9. THE INTERNATIONAL AD HOC COMMITTEE • Domain names were a public resource • Wholesale/retail splitting desirable • Competitive Registrars introduced • Trade mark protection procedures controlled through the Registrars • WIPO administrative challenge panels after 60 day wait • Only seven new gTLDs should be introduced. In late 1996 ISOC formed the IAHC, including its previous critics. In early 1997 IAHC reported –IAHC MoU gTLDs

  10. THE US REACTION • The suggestion that control of the Internet was to move to Geneva resulted in Congressional hearings in the US. • Madeline Albright wrote in protest to the ITU. • Ira Magaziner was appointed convenor of an inter-agency group on e-commerce. • Faced with IAHC “threat”, USG developed a Green Paper. • Began to propose industry-led governance of the internet • Interest piqued around the world, of industry, governments, and “civil society”

  11. THE US REACTION 3 June 1998: after considering Green Paper comments, the White Paper released. Key principles of “NewCo”: • Bottom up processes; • Industry self-regulation; • Transparent; • Geo-diverse; • Government-free; • A role for WIPO; • Competition. • Followed an International Forum on the White Paper, with meetings in Virginia, Geneva, Singapore & Buenos Aires.

  12. ICANN Emerges • September 13, 1998 draft bylaws of ICANN published • October 2, 1998 ICANN submits proposal to be the NewCo of the White Paper. • October 7, Amendment 11 to DoC’s contract ( CRADA) with NSI operator of dot com since 1992 “providing for recognition by NSI of NewCo when recognized by the USG in accordance with the provisions of the Statement of Policy” • November 10, 1998…NTIA announced reviewing a submission by ICANN on its bylaws

  13. ICANN Emerges • November 25, 1998 A Memorandum of Understanding signed between ICANN and DoC “Before making a transition to private sector DNS management, the DOC requires assurances that the private sector has the capability and resources to assume the important responsibilities related to the technical management of the DNS.” • February 28, 1999 ICANN designated as Newco • September 28, 1999 – New Registry agreement signed between ICANN and NSI, providing for multiple registrars in dot com, net and org

  14. Technical Liaison Group (TLG) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Root Server System Advisory Committee (RSSAC) Security & Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC) At Large Advisory Committee (ALAC) ICANN’s structure BOARD OF DIRECTORS Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) President and CEO ICANN Staff Nominating Committee 15 voting delegates + 6 non-voting delegates ASO GNSO CCNSO Regional Internet Registries ARIN RIPE NCC LACNIC APNIC AfriNIC gTLD Registries and Registrars Intellectual Property ISPs Businesses Universities Consumers ccTLD registries (.ae, br, ca, eg, .it, .nz, etc.) 14

  15. ICANN Today Offices in: • HQ in Marina del Rey , LA, USA • Brussels, Belgium • Washington DC • Sydney • Palo Alto* Budget Revenue ( to 30 June 2010): US$64M Staff: ~ 120

  16. The ICANN Mission • Coordinates the allocation and assignment of the three sets of unique identifiers for the Internet: a.Domain names (forming a system referred to as “DNS”); b. Internet protocol (“IP”) addresses, autonomous system (“AS”) numbers; and c. Protocol port and parameter numbers. 2. Coordinates the operation and evolution of the DNS root name server system. 3. Coordinates policy development reasonably and appropriately related to these technical functions.

  17. 5 Current Challenges • Enhancing the security of the Internet • Internationalising the names • Switching from direct oversight by the US DoC, to community accountability • Introducing possibly thousands of new gTLDS under the new procedure • The completion of IPv4 allocation in 2011/2012, and the slow uptake of IPv6

  18. What ICANN does not do • Content regulation • Provide Spam protection • Protection of Children online • Detection and remediation of revenue fraud • Address the digital divide • Lay cables, or build networks • Develop or deal in applications • Design or approve technical standards for the Internet….. • And much, much more!

  19. The Internet Ecosystem • ISOC; outreach, training, promoting open use and development of the Internet for all • IETF; internet technical standards • World Wide Web Consortium; develops web standards • IGF; multistakeholder ( civil society, technical communities and governments) can discuss public policy aspects of the Internet • ICANN has a narrow technical mandate in a broad and vibrant ecology.

  20. Zone administrator 1 4 Zone file 2 3 5 Slaves (Distributed Copies) Explaining DNS: Data Flow Recursive Server (eg.ISP) Authoritative Server Dynamic updates resolver

  21. Zone administrator 1 4 Zone file 2 3 5 Slaves ( Distributed Copies) DNS Vulnerabilities Corrupting data Impersonating master Cache impersonation Recursive Server ( eg.ISP) Authoritative Server Dynamic updates resolver Cache pollution by Data spoofing Unauthorized updates Altered zone data Server protection Data protection

  22. Simple Illustrationof DNS Components I need to have a WWW record Zone Administrator Authoritative Server Administrator Zone Data Authoritative Server Add publish End User 2. Request www 3. www is 1.2.3.4 Client 1. Request www Recursive Server Administrator Recursive Server 4. www is 1.2.3.4

  23. Simple Additionof DNSSEC(there are both much more and less complex setups than this)‏ I need to have a signed WWW record Zone Administrator Authoritative Server Administrator Zone Data Signed Data Authoritative Server Add publish sign End User 2. Request www 3. www is 1.2.3.4 new Client Recursive Server Administrator 1. Request www Validating Recursive Server 4. www is 1.2.3.4

  24. Internationalised Domain Names United Arab Emirates امارات. Saudi Arabia السعودية. Russian Federation .рф Egypt مصر. China .中国 and .中國 Taiwan .台灣 and .台湾 Hong Kong .香港

  25. Idns in Russia

  26. The Affirmation of Commitments • November, 1998 US DoC and ICANN sign MoU • September 2006 MoU becomes a J.P.A • President’s Strategy Committee conducts outreach and consultations on Improving Institutional Confidence • May 2009 US Senate Committee hearings in DC, calling for permanent relationship between USG and ICANN • June 2009 Meetings between DoC and ICANN leadership at ICANN Sydney meeting • June - September 2009 Negotiations… • 30 September 2009, JPA ends • 1 October 2009 Affirmation of Commitments signed

  27. 4 reviews, 15 areas of analysis Competition Consumer trust and choice Accountability & Transparency Security Stability Resiliency WHOIS • Effects of new gTLDs: 3Cs • Effectiveness of processes • Effectiveness of safeguards • Policy effectiveness • Meeting needs of law enforcement. • Promotion consumers trust • Board governance • GAC role & effectiveness • Public input reception • Support of ICANN decisions • PdP • Implementation recommend. previous reviews • DNS security stability resiliency • Contingency planning • Clear processes?

  28. New gTLDs • Adding new gTLDS is in the DNA of ICANN • Early rounds; 2000 and 2002 • Years of work in GNSO from 2005 to 2007 culminates in recommendations to Board on principles behind addition of new TLDS • November 2007 Board asks staff to report on implementability • June 2008 Board instructs staff to implement • October 2008 now; 4 draft Applicant Guidebooks released

  29. New gTLDs- linguistic communities

  30. New gTLDs- Geographic

  31. New gTLDs-missions, businesses

  32. IPv4 depletion – IPv6 implementation Internet is NOT running out of addresses Current IPv4 protocol assumed that 4 billion addresses would be enough, but . . . Last IPv4 batch now allocated to RIRs IPv6 developed in 1996 More than 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses available 32

  33. Conclusions • ICANN has the support of governments - all of the G8 and most of the G20 are in the GAC • ICANN emerged from the UN’s WSIS/WGIG as the preferred co-ordinator of these resources • 113 country code registry managers support the ccSNO, and more are joining • ICANN policies regulate the generic name space, coordinate global addressing, and manage the technical parameters • ICANN is one player in the Internet ecosystem.

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