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Group report

Consideration: .  What are the main environmental activities effect by human? How do these activities effect the environment? How do the changed environment effect human survival and development?. Group report . How do human activities effect the environmental quality?.

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Group report

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  1. Consideration: •  What are the main environmental activities effect by human? • How do these activities effect the environment? • How do the changed environment effect human survival and development? Group report • How do human activities effect the environmental quality? 1

  2. Chapter 4 Human activities and environmental problems • The relationship between human development and environment • Human activities and environmental crisis • Environment and human health • Case study

  3. Analysis: Human behavior: In order to meet the human needs of survival and development, human obtain the material resources and energy from the environment.They obtain the products through a series of productive activities,and meanwhile discharge of waste to the environment. Law of human development: the diversity of needs, complexity of activity mode, time-varying of the development process. Law of the environment itself: Environment has objective attribute, its occurrence, development and change have its own rules. What is the relationship between these two laws? 3

  4. Law of basic relations : the unity of opposites Opposition: human subjective needs and the activities with purpose, inevitably contradict with the objective attribute and the development law of the environment. Unity:Environment is the carrier of the human.Human activities are restricted by the surrounding environment.There are Interaction and mutual restraint between humans and the environment. 4.1The relationship between human development and environment • Corollary: Human Development should be in harmony with the environment. 4

  5. It should been fully understand that the interdependent relationship between humans and the environment. • Human beings are the product of physical movement,the product of the evolution of the Earth's surface system • The evolution of the Earth's surface system forms geographical environment, where human live and develop. • Natural environment: the human material basis ,provide support systems for life. • Economic environment: the production and economic complex formed by human production activity. • Social and cultural environment: the human organization and behavior mode formed by human life activity, including population, language, folklore, etc.  Geographical environment • Human should fully respect the development laws of the environment. 5

  6. The relationship between human development and the environment is changing • historical fact:table 4.1, The relationship between human development and the environment in different development stages 6

  7. Human development process is also the process which constantly adapt and adjust the environment • Human keep deepening understanding the development, transform from only emphasis on economic growth into focusing on both economic growth and environmental protection. • In action, Human also continue to evolve to the direction of environmentally friendly in production, economic and management. 7

  8. Dialectical relationship chart of human development and environment * Economic development has brought environmental problems, but also enhances the strength to solve environmental problems.The solution of environmental problems also  lays the foundation for sustained and stable economic development.* Protecting the environment is a condition for human development.protecting the environment is also inseparable from human economic development. 8

  9. The man-land relationship coordination model of regional sustainable development Gong Shengsheng，1999 9

  10. Discussion:What’s human development • per capita GDP：GDP/population • Human Development Index (HDI), is calculated out on the basis of three indicators : • health and longevity,measured with life expectancy at birth ; education received, • measured with both the adult literacy rate (2/3weight) and primary school, secondary school and university general admission rate (1/3weight); living standards,  • measured with per capita real GDP. ？？Basic services of possession ：service, function, How to measure ？ ？？what’s your opinions ？？ 10

  11. 4.2 Human activities and environmental crisis • The manner and purpose of human activity: using and transforming natural resources and environment to meet the life and production needs. • Expression: obtain useful substances from nature, produce "service" and return generated waste to the environment . • Essence:  material exchange between human and the natural environmentDirect consequences: interference with the native environment, the formation of environmental impact, also known as environmental impact (environmental loads)Process of accumulation: population growth.increased activity. the amount of resource usage and waste surge year after year. the increasing environmental load. Indirect consequences: When the environmental loads exceed the threshold of natural self-purification and adjustion, it will threaten the basic integrity of natural systems and stability,and affect the survival and development of humans and other organisms. 11

  12. Environmental problems • The various phenomena appeared in the global environment and regional environment led by natural forces or human activities.The phenomena are not conducive to human survival and social development. • Classification:According to cause The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental problems Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 12

  13. Relationship between human activities and global environment problems （textbook figure 4-3） 13

  14. Eight public hazard incident in the middle of 20th century 14

  15. We can see: If human behavior do not exceed the allowed threshold, Human and nature will live in harmony. As the production capacity improved,the rehabilitation and intervention to nature from human is more.When exceed the threshold value, the natural self-regulation can not restore balance. Human and nature will be in uncoordinated state. In other words, human activities exceed the bearing capacity of natural systems,which lead to environmental problems. 15

  16. The essence of environmental problems • The essence of environmental problems: the imbalance between human and nature, this disorder causes of the destruction of the ecosystem balance, it is caused by the non-coordinated development of the population, economy, society, environment. • To solve environmental problems fundamentally, human beings must change the uncontrolled production and maximum consumption way of life, get rid of blindly obtaining from nature to meet their own and short-term interest values. 16

  17. Concerned environmental problems The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental problems Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 17

  18. Secondary environmental problems 1—environment problems of pollution • Concepts: • Human activities have resulted in harmful substances or factor into the environment. • The structure and function of environmental system change by diffusion, migration and transformation process. • There are phenomena which are not conducive to the survival and development of human and other organisms. 18

  19. Green card-environmental background value • Environmental background value is also known as natural background value.It is the content of various chemical elements and basic chemical composition in the environmental factors related to environment pollution when free from pollution. • Note in application : • Different regions have different background value. • When relatively free from pollution,the basic chemical composition of the environmental elements. Purpose:It has great significance for promoting the evaluation of regional environmental quality, forecasting the environmental  pollution trend, formulating the environmental  standards, arranging rational distribution of agricultural and industrial production, etc. 19

  20. Human activities and environmental problems（textbookfigure 4-4） Classification:atmospheric pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, sound pollution, light pollution, etc 20

  21. 近10倍 107倍 • Environment problems of pollution 1---atmospheric pollution The content of certain substances of atmosphere was exceed the bear ability of ecological system, it appeared the phenomenon that against the survival and development of human and other biological table: the natural process on earth and emission source and emissions of atmospheric pollutants by human activity 21

  22. Typical cases • Global environmental problems: ozone depletion, global warming, acid deposition etc 22

  23. particulate contamination （suspended solids ） Acid, alkali, inorganic contaminants plant nutrients ，such as nitrogen, phosphor Accoding to the type of pollutants cyanide The inorganic toxicity of heavy metal Inorganic toxic pollutants arsenic heavy metals toxicity Organic toxic pollutants （aerobic organism ） pesticides Plastic, synthetic rubber, man-made fibers Organic non-toxic pollutants dyes oil petroleum pollutants Oil products Radioactive substances Other pollutants Thermal pollution • Environment problems of pollution 2---water pollution • Definition: the pollutant discharged into water exceeds environmental capacity of the water,which results in adverse change of water physical, chemical and biological  characteristics, and destruction of the intrinsic natural ecosystems and the function of the water. • According to the pollution object: Surface waters pollution, groundwater pollution and Marine pollution Inorganic non-toxic pollutants 23

  24. red tide • Water pollution causes • Causes of surface water pollution:Human discharge large variety of liquid and solid waste without safety treatment to surface water , so that the water pollution is more and more serious. • Causes of groundwater pollution: • * Over-exploitation of groundwater; * Industrial wastewater and domestic sewage discharge capacity is large,while the handling capacity is low;*Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sewage irrigation results in  • groundwater pollution;* Human economic activity results in urban groundwater pollution. • Marine pollution:human bring substances or energy into the marine environment and cause damage to biological resources, hazards to human health, damage to water quality, degradation of environmental aesthetics and other harmful effects. 24

  25. Typical cases 25

  26. Environment problems of pollution3---soil pollution Definition: It's a kind of phenomenon that substances produced by human activities (pollution) enter into the soil through various channels.The quantity and speed exceed the soil capacity and soil purification speed, which lead to the destruction of the normal function of the land or decreased of the soil fertility ,the damage of Soil, plants and animals. agaricus can reflect the situation of soil pollution 26

  27. Classification of soil pollution material

  28. Related environmental problems • Soil erosion • Desertification • Soil salinization • Soil degradation • Soil pollution 28

  29. Case study • Sand-dust storm in north China • Phenomenon and harm • Formation reasons • Strategies or control approach • Self-study, and as the reference to the assignments 29

  30. Concerned environmental problems The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental problems Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 30

  31. classification of natural resources The constance of resources:Such as solar energy, wind energy, etc natural resources renewable resources： land、forest Relative to the human consumption level the limitation of resources nonrenewable resources： mineral resources • Secondary environmental problems2—environmental problems of resources shortage and depletion • environmental problems of resources shortage and depletion • Problems: because of the unreasonable exploitation and utilization of natural resources, it made the speed of natural resources from the environment demand by human is far more rapid than the regeneration speed of resources (renewable resources) • For nonrenewable resources, it may lead to depletion by improper use 31

  32. Relativity of resource problems • Shortage and depletion of resources is relatively aim at the consumption level (or level of demand). • Regional: the shortage and depletion of resources is usually aim at a particular region. • Cause: resource distribution, technology level, state of economic development, consumer preferenceence,etc. • Consequences and countermeasures: the fairness of resources usage? Trade?War? 32

  33. The diagrammatic sketch of resource shortage and environmental problem relationship • as the reference to the assignments:types, causes, performance, consequences, etc 33

  34. Concerned environmental problems The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental problems Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 34

  35. Secondary environmental problems 3 —ecological damage and environmental imbalance • Ecological damage: • Direct effect of human activities on natural ecosystems, results in significantly decreased of the production capacity of ecological systems and significantly changes of structures ,then causes environmental problems. • Ecological balance and ecological imbalance • ecological balance: the appropriate material, energy, information exchange between the ecosystem and its external environment, maintains the specific structure and function of ecosystem. • ecological imbalance:When the outside interference exceeds the ability to regulate its own ecological system ,It will appear the destruction of ecosystem structure, function disorders and other phenomenon. 35

  36. The devastating impact on the biosphere by human  The devastating impact on the biosphere by human mainly in three aspects: • change natural to artificial ecosystem in large-scale, interfere with the normal operation of the biosphere: such as agricultural development. • take a lot of resources, destroy the ecological balance: such as deforestation, over-exploitation of water resources. • import large quantities of waste to the environment, seriously pollute the biosphere: such as dumping sewage and waste into rivers. • Typical environmental problems brought in: desertification, destruction of biodiversity,etc. • The analysis of desertification and  the problem of biodiversity loss in textbook can be the reference for homework ideas. 36

  37. Human activity should follow the ecology rule the schemes of relationship between ecological balance and environmental problems

  38. 4.3 Environment and human health • hazards on human health by environmental pollution • hazards on human health by environmental pollution • Channels: poison in environment enters the body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract or skin, etc. • Expression: two aspects of specific damage (human acute or chronic poisoning,  • teratogenesis , mutagenesis, cancer, etc.) and non-specific damage (increased incidence of frequently-occurring disease, decreased of the human resistance and the ability to work ) The human reflection process pathopoiesia factor by environment （quoted from Liu Tianqi，2000） 38

  39. Example 1：the hazard ofatmospheric pollutantson human health(brief) quoted from Chen Limin and Wu Renjian,2003 39

  40. example 2：the hazard of radioactive pollution on human health(brief) There's radioactive damage on human and animal under high dose irradiation. The main performance is a variety of cancer or shortening of the life span in varying degrees. The whole body acute exposure and Clinical symptoms quoted from Yu Yufu and Mao Jiajun,1985 40

  41. example 3：The hazard of biological pollution on human health(brief) • Concepts: Biological pollution is mainly due to parasite eggs, bacteria rickettsia, viruses and other pathogens in contaminated water, air, soil that cause prevalence of parasitic diseases and certain infectious diseases.Category • biological pollution of air includes bacteria, fungi, pollen, viruses,and other organic ingredients. • biological contaminants of water includes bacteria, viruses and parasites,etc. • biological contamination of food includs bacterial, fungi, parasite and viruses, etc. 41

  42. Positive effect on human health caused by global climate change 42

  43. Residential living environment and human health • Residential living environment is a house centered regional environment . • geography environment: the complex of environmental factors closely relate to geographic location. • residential environment: refers to the living room environment, such as room structure, interior decoration, etc. • Outdoor surrounded environment: refers to the residential housing and environmental conditions of uptown, such as hygienism, green, infrastructure, etc. effect factors of human heath by living environment 43

  44. Indoor environmental pollution, from the source point of view, there are air pollution, construction and decoration materials, chemical pollution of daily necessities, radioactive  pollution of household appliances and noise pollution, solid waste pollution,etc. • Hazards of the living environment on human health include the following: • cause respiratory diseases: inflammation • carcinogenic: radon can cause lung cancer; formaldehyde can cause rhinitis cancer • transmit diseases: such as viruses, bacteria can cause flu, etc. • other hazards: such as damage to the nervous system, digestive system, etc. 44

  45. 4.4 Case study：Largest flood disaster consideration caused by Changjiang River in 1998 • Self-study, and as the reference to the assignments • There was another flood basin in the Yangtze River Valley in 1998 after that in 1954. resulting in 1,320 deaths and economic losses of 166.6 billion yuan. • cause analysis from the following aspects: • sharp drop in forest, soil erosion • reclamation of land from the lake , economic development too fast • garbage dumping, blocking rivers and lakes • greenhouse effect, sea level rise • reflect and propound suggestion after disaster management : • Protection of Ecological Environment • Yangtze Flood Resources 45

  46. Summary *The unity of opposites relationship between human and environment.*Produce process of environmental problems and essence of environmental problems.* Introduce a variety of environmental problems caused by human activities (pollution, resource shortages and ecological imbalance )* Discuss the relationship between environment and human health,  the relationship between the emphasis living environment and human health. 46

  47. Homework (in group） • Choose your own environmental problems experienced, analyse its manifestations, causes, consequences, and recommendations for improvement. 47

  48. 4.7 Reading material • UNDP. The report of human development. Published each year • Bergman，E.F. Introduction to Geography：People Places and Environment(2nd) . Pearson Education，2002 • Dennis L.Meadows et al. The Limits to Growth. New York ：Universe Books，1974 • Rachel L.Carson. Silent Spring. Published by arrangement with Frances Collin Literary Agent Trustee U-W-O，1962 • Swanson, Timothy M. Global environmental problems and international environmental agreements: the economics of international institution building. Published in association with UNCTAD，1999 • Word Commissin on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. New York： Oxford University Press，1987 48

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