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ZOO NOTIC DISEASE S IN IRAQ OVERVIEW

ZOO NOTIC DISEASE S IN IRAQ OVERVIEW. Dr. Somaia Badri Zoonotic Diseases Section CDC-Baghdad. INTRODUCTION:. A zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans.

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ZOO NOTIC DISEASE S IN IRAQ OVERVIEW

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  1. ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN IRAQOVERVIEW Dr. SomaiaBadri Zoonotic Diseases Section CDC-Baghdad

  2. INTRODUCTION: • A zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. • Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections in nature. • As well as being a public health problem, many of the major zoonotic diseases prevent the efficient production of food of animal origin and create obstacles to international trade in animal products.

  3. INTRODUCTION: • Zoonosis may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents: • Viral diseases: • Hemorrhagic Fever • Rabies • Bacterial diseases: • Brucellosis • Anthrax

  4. INTRODUCTION: • Parasitic Diseases: • Leishmaniasis : • Visceral L. (Kala- azar); and • Cutaneous L. (Baghdad Boil) • Toxoplasmosis: • Hydatid cyst:

  5. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE: • Approximately 75% of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are diseases of animal origin. • Many factors lead to the emergence of zoonotic diseases like: • Environmental changes, • Human and animal demography, • Pathogen changes, • Changes in farming practice; and • Social and cultural factors such as food habits and religious beliefs.

  6. OBJECTIVES OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES CONTROL PROGRAMS: • Decrease mortality. • Decrease morbidity. • Prevent and control of outbreaks and epidemics.

  7. ZOONOTIC DISEASES CONTROL PROGRAM: • General measures: • Early case detection and reporting. • Early treatment. • Health education & increase awareness.

  8. ZOONOTIC DISEASES CONTROL PROGRAM: • Disease specific activities like: • Vector control by residual insecticide , personal protection by impregnated bed nets to risk group • (farmers , soldiers, people in rural areas ), spraying and air space spraying ( fogging), rodent and stray dogs control . • Prevention of breeding animals in the home . • Prevent the slaughter on the streets. • Focus on cleanliness of food in restaurants and especially vegetables.

  9. ZOONOTIC DISEASES CONTROL PROGRAM: • Coordinator with other sectors: • Veterinary side of vaccination for Rabies, Brucellosis: • Vaccine-owned dogs and farm animals, intensification of campaigns to exterminate stray dogs in areas of emerging infections. • Training. • Researches.

  10. ZOONOTIC DISEASES SECTION Baghdad-CDC/MOH INFORMATION FLOW CHART: ZOONOTIC DISEASES UNIT DOH Hospitals (Gov. and Private!) • PHCCs • Clinics • (Public and Private!) LABs (Public and Private!) Other sources (like: media, etc)

  11. CASE REPORTING & NOTIFICATION: • There are (3) types of reporting: • Immediate notification: • Rabies. • Hemorrhagic Fever. • Anthrax.

  12. CASE REPORTING & NOTIFICATION: • Weekly: • Leishmaniasis (VL & CL) • Monthly: • Brucellosis . • Hydatid cyst. • Toxoplasmosis.

  13. LEISHMANIASIS • It is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. • There are three main forms: • Visceral (often known as kala-azar and the most serious form of the disease), • Cutaneous (the most common), and • Mucocutaneous.

  14. LEISHMANIASIS • The disease affects the poorest people on the planet, and is associated with: • Malnutrition, • Population displacement, • Poor housing, • A weak immune system; and • Lack of resources.

  15. LEISHMANIASIS • It is linked to environmental changes such as: • Deforestation, • Building of dams, • Irrigation schemes; and • Urbanization. • Globally, an estimated 1.3 million new cases and 20 000 to 30 000 deaths occur annually.

  16. LEISHMANIASIS • For most species of Leishmania: • An animal reservoir is required for endemic conditions to persist. • Wild animals (dogs, fox, and jackals) usually are affected, also act as reservoirs for the disease . • Rodent act as a reservoir also.

  17. LEISHMANIASIS • DIAGNOSIS: • In VL, diagnosis is made by combining clinical signs with parasitological, or serological tests (rapid diagnostic tests and others). • In CL serological tests have limited value. Clinical manifestation with parasitological tests confirms the diagnosis.

  18. LEISHMANIASIS • CONTROL & PREVENTION: • Plan should based on three axis: VECTOR HOST RODENT

  19. LEISHMANIASIS • So, it requires a combination of intervention strategies: • Early diagnosis and effective case management. • Vector control.  • Effective disease surveillance.  • Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships.

  20. LEISHMANIASIS • CHALLENGES: • Epidemiological map of the distribution of the disease is still unclear depending on the CAUSATIVE AGENT, VECTOR and RESERVOIR. • Preventive actions will change depending on what already found. • Need to implement many studies (field researches & surveys).

  21. BRUCELLOSIS • It is a disease of mainly cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs. • About 10 B. species are currently known. • In Iraq, Brucellosis in cattle (B. abortus) in sheep and goats (B. melitensis). • The infection is transmitted to humans by animals through: • Direct contact: with infected materials like afterbirth, or • Indirectly: by ingestion of animal products and by inhalation of airborne agents.

  22. BRUCELLOSIS • Consumption of raw milk and cheese made from raw milk (fresh cheese) is the major source of infection in man. Most of the fresh cheeses are sheep and goat cheese. • It is considered to be an occupational disease for people who work in the livestock sector. • Human-to-human transmission is very rare.

  23. BRUCELLOSIS • DIAGNOSIS: • It is necessary to combine a test (Rose Bengal and seroaglutination) • detecting agglutinating antibodies (IgM, IgG and IgA) with others detecting non-agglutinating antibodies (Coombs–IgG or ELISA-IgG).

  24. BRUCELLOSIS • CONTROL & PREVENTION: • Education to avoid consuming unpasteurized milk and milk derivatives. • Barrier precautions for hunters and professionals at risk (butchers, farmers, slaughterers, veterinarians). • Careful handling and disposal of afterbirths, especially in cases of abortion.

  25. BRUCELLOSIS • CONTROL & PREVENTION: • Serological or other testing of animals, immunization of herds/flocks may be envisaged; eliminate infected herds/flocks. • NOTE: the most successful method for prevention and control of brucellosis in animals is vaccination: • Control activities to be coordinated and shared between the public health and animal health sectors.

  26. HEMORRHAGIC FEVER • Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic is a widespread disease caused by a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus). • The genus Hyalomma , is the principal tick vector.

  27. HEMORRHAGIC FEVER • It can be responsible for severe outbreaks in humans but it is not pathogenic for ruminants, their amplifying host. Outbreaks constitute a threat to public health services because of: • Its epidemic potential, • Its high case fatality ratio (10-40%).

  28. HEMORRHAGIC FEVER • Transmission to human occurs either by: • Tick bites or • Through contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and immediately after slaughter. • Human-to-human transmission can occur resulting from close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons. • Hospital-acquired infections can also occur due to improper sterilization of medical equipment, reuse of needles and contamination of medical supplies.

  29. HEMORRHAGIC FEVER • CONTROL & PREVENTION: • Early diagnosis and treatment: • TREAT suspected person until proven by laboratory investigation. • Spraying patient’s house with suitable insecticides. • Sterilization of all used tools.

  30. HEMORRHAGIC FEVER • PREVENTIVE MEASURES: • Coordination with veterinary side for spraying and dipping role animals. • Health education among citizens & raising awareness of the risk factors . • Prevent slaughter outside slaughterhouses. • Prevent livestock indoors.

  31. RABIES • It is a serious viral diseases in Iraq. • More than 55 000 people die of rabies every year mostly in Asia and Africa. • 40% of people who are bitten by suspect rabid animals are children under 15 years of age. • Dogs are the source of the vast majority of human rabies deaths.

  32. RABIES • It is transmitted to humans from animals that is caused by a virus. • The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches. • Mortality rate 100% when the patient develop symptoms.

  33. RABIES • CONTROL & PREVENTION: • Effective treatment soon after exposure to rabies can prevent the onset of symptoms and death: • Local treatment of the wound, • A course of effective rabies vaccine; and • The administration of rabies immunoglobulin, if indicated.

  34. RABIES • CONTROL & PREVENTION: • Isolate the patient if clinical symptoms appear in a special room. • Intensification of campaigns to exterminate stray dogs in areas of emerging infection. • Coordination with the veterinary side: Vaccination of rabies vaccine-owned dogs (the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people). • Health education to the public.

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