Today is Monday, September 30 th , 2013

1. In This Lesson: Organic Molecules in Depth (Lesson 8 of 9) Today is Monday,September 30th, 2013 • Pre-Class: • Aldopentose is what kind of molecule? • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Protein • Nucleic Acid • Also, take a worksheet from the Turn-In Box.

2. What’s in a name? • Naming hints (write these on your key notes page): • If it ends in a(n): • -ose, it’s probably a monosaccharide/disaccharide. • -ine, it’s probably an amino acid or nucleotide. • -ase, it’s probably an enzyme. • These are not rules, but they are patterns.

3. Today’s Agenda • Review • In-depth look at one organic molecule (carbs) • Review • In-depth look at one organic molecule (lipids) • Computer-based lab

4. In-Depth Look Begins • We now begin a closer look at each of the organic molecules. • Lots of info! • First things first, though: • The process of converting a monomer to a polymer by linking monomers together is called polymerization. • (as in polymer-ization – makes sense)

5. In-Depth Look Begins • Shapes of Organic Compounds • Either ring-like or long chains: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

6. Carbohydrates • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O • Used for short-term energy. • Monomer: Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides. • Glucose - C6H12O6 • Fructose - C6H12O6 • Galactose - C6H12O6 • Chemical formulas are the same for each. It’s all about what shape they take! • Fun Fact: Glucose is also known as Dextrose.

7. Shapes of Monosaccharides • Most of the time, scientists tend to draw sugars in a ring shape. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

8. Monosaccharide Formula • Simple sugars nearly always go by this formula: CnH2nOn • In other words, if n=6, the formula is: • C6H12O6 • In fact, the above formula is almost always the one for sugars. • Sample test question coming next.

9. Sample Test Question • Mrs. Anderson discovers a new molecule in her lab. She doesn’t know what it is, but she remembers that simple sugars often have the formula C6H12O6. However, her molecule appears to be C2H4O2. • What is the most specific hypothesis Mrs. Anderson can draw about her molecule from her findings? • It’s probably a compound. • It’s probably an organic molecule. • It’s probably a carbohydrate. • No hypothesis can be drawn.

10. Carbohydrates • Polymer: There are two general kinds of polymers for carbohydrates. • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked. • Polysaccharides: Three or more monosaccharides linked.

11. Disaccharides • Common Disaccharides: • Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose • Table sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar • Lactose: Galactose + Glucose • Milk sugar • Maltose: Glucose + Glucose • Malt sugar

12. Polysaccharides • Chitin • Insect exoskeletons and fungi • Glycogen • Used by animals to store energy (liver!) • Starch • Plant energy storage • Cellulose • Plant cell walls

13. Polysaccharides

14. Linking Monosaccharides • Joined by glycosidic bonds (or C-O-C bridges):

15. How Do Those Bridges Form? • That part’s coming later on. For now, just roll with it…

16. End of Carbohydrates • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Label all (and only) the carbohydrates you can find on there before we move on to lipids.

17. Lipids • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O. • Used for long-term energy storage. • Remember that the closest thing to a monomer is a triglyceride. There are 4 parts to a triglyceride. • 1 glycerol molecule. • 3 fatty acid chains. (this is where the tri in triglyceride comes from) • Picture next slide…

18. Triglyceride Glycerol Molecule Fatty Acid Chains http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/FatImg/triglyceride.jpg

19. Saturated vs. Unsaturated • This Example: • Saturated Fat • Straight Chain • 9 Carbon Chain • 19 Hydrogens • Unsaturated Fat* • Bent Chain • 9 Carbon Chain • 17 Hydrogens • *Monounsaturated. http://www.realfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fat_f2.jpg

20. End of Lipids • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Label all (and only) the lipids you can find on there before we move on to proteins.

21. Proteins • Proteins are important for a lot of things in the body. Among others, proteins include: • Enzymes (to speed up reactions) • Antibodies (to fight off infections) • Keratin or collagen (to form skin, hair, nails, feathers, scales)

22. Proteins • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O and N • Amino acids also have functional groups on either end of the molecule: • One end has an amino group (NH2) • Other end has a carboxyl group (COOH) • Amino acids are a very diverse group: • Some polar, some non-polar, some acidic, some basic, some have rings, some enjoy long walks on the beach and scrambled eggs. • Last one just to make sure you’re not asleep…

23. Functional Groups • Functional groups: • Amino (-NH2) • Carboxyl (-COOH) • Rest of amino acid (“R”) • (technically “radical”) • Protein Bonds: • Amino acids bond with one another through peptide bonds. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Alpha-amino-acid-2D-flat.png

24. Functional Groups http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/aminoab.gif

25. Linking Amino Acids • Imagine a strange train. • The contents of the train can be almost anything as long as the links between them are the same. • The links might as well be -NH2 and -COOH. NH2 COOH Amino Acid R Group Amino Acid R Group Amino Acid R Group Paper Clips Eiffel Tower Snooki

26. Amino Acids • Keep this listing of amino acids safely in your notebooks. We’re returning to this much later in the year. • For now, let’s have some fun with pronunciation. • First, all of the ones ending in “ine” sound like “eene.”

27. Amino Acid Pronunciation • Alanine [al-uh-neen] • Arginine [ar-ji-neen] • Aspartic Acid [a-spar-tick acid] • Glutamic Acid [glue-tamic acid] • Glutamine [glue-ta-meen] • Glycine [glei-seen] • Proline [pro-leen] • Serine [serene] • Asparagine [as-par-uh-gene] • Cysteine [sis-teen] • The above are non-essential amino acids. • Can be made by the human body.

28. Amino Acid Pronunciation • Isoleucine [ey-so-loo-seen] • Leucine [loo-seen] • Lysine [ly-seen] • Methionine [meth-eye-oh-neen] • Phenylalanine [fee-nil-al-uh-neen] • Tryptophan [trip-toe-fan] • Threonine [three-oh-neen] • Valine [vay-leen] • Histidine [his-ti-deen] • Tyrosine [ty-row-seen] • The above are essential amino acids. • They cannot be made by the human body.

29. Proteins • Don’t forget that enzymes are very important protein molecules. • Enzymescatalyze (help start) chemical reactions. • Without enzymes, life as we know it would not be possible.

30. One last note on Proteins… • Contrary to popular marketing, proteins do not provide energy directly to the body. • This is why marathon runners don’t eat hamburgers the night before a race. • Analogy: • Solar power plants use the sun to create electricity. The sun is the energy source. • There are people working there too, but they don’t make electricity. They just help the sun get converted into electricity. • In living things, lipids and carbohydrates provide the energy. Proteins just help use it.

31. Protein Structure Video/Game • FoldIt

32. End of Proteins • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Label all (and only) the proteins you can find on there before we move on to nucleic acids.

33. Before we get to Nucleic Acids… • Let’s take a little break and do an e-Lab. • It’s called Identifying Nutrients and it’s on ExploreLearning. • There’s a Quia quiz called “Identifying Nutrients Gizmo” that you’ll need in a new window to guide your work. • [Log-in Instructions]

34. Nucleic Acids • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O, N, and P • Remember that DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids. • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid [dee-oxy-ry-bo] • RNA – Ribonucleic Acid [ry-bo] • The monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide. • A nucleotide is made of three separate parts. • Next slide…

35. Nucleic Acids • Each nucleotide has a: • Sugar molecule with 5-carbons (pentose) • Deoxyribose in DNA • Ribose in RNA • Phosphate group • Phosphorus-based molecule • Nitrogenous base (makes the nucleotide unique) • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine

36. Nucleotide Structure Guanine Adenine Thymine Cytosine http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/nucleotide1.jpg

37. Nucleotide Structure • More “scientific”

38. End of Nucleic Acids • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Finish it!

39. Exclusion Brainstorming • Another round of “which one of these things is not like the other…” • Talk to your partners! • Use the whiteboards and your notebooks. • Avoid doodling.

40. Exclusion Brainstorming • Example 1: • Sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose • Answer: Sucrose – not a monosaccharide. • Example 2: • Isoleucine, glycine, adenine, glutamine • Answer: Adenine – not an amino acid. • Example 3: • Adenine, thymine, cytosine, cysteine • Answer: Cysteine – not a nucleotide (nitrogenous base). • Example 4: • Starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose • Answer: Glycogen – only one humans use.

41. Exclusion Brainstorming • Example 5: • Fatty acid, steroid, triglyceride, glycerol • Answer: Steroid – only one not part of a triglyceride. • Example 6: • Bent fatty acid, unsaturated, liquid, solid • Answer: Solid – all others concern unsaturated fats (oils). • Example 7: • C-O-C bridge, disaccharide, maltose, glucose • Answer: Glucose – all others are related to carbohydrate polymers. • Example 8: • Peptide bond, phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar • Answer: Peptide bond – all others are related to nucleotide structure.

42. Flowchart • Let’s complete our flowchart, shall we?

43. Organic Molecule Market • Version 2.0

44. Quia Review (In Order) • Organic Molecule Fill-In • Organic Molecule Matching • Organic Molecule Challenge Board • Put away one computer and get a partner for this one.

45. Closure Chart

46. Closure Chart