1 / 46

Today is Monday, September 30 th , 2013

In This Lesson: Organic Molecules in Depth (Lesson 8 of 9). Today is Monday, September 30 th , 2013. Pre-Class: Aldopentose is what kind of molecule? Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Also, take a worksheet from the Turn-In B ox. What’s in a name?.

ataret
Download Presentation

Today is Monday, September 30 th , 2013

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. In This Lesson: Organic Molecules in Depth (Lesson 8 of 9) Today is Monday,September 30th, 2013 • Pre-Class: • Aldopentose is what kind of molecule? • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Protein • Nucleic Acid • Also, take a worksheet from the Turn-In Box.

  2. What’s in a name? • Naming hints (write these on your key notes page): • If it ends in a(n): • -ose, it’s probably a monosaccharide/disaccharide. • -ine, it’s probably an amino acid or nucleotide. • -ase, it’s probably an enzyme. • These are not rules, but they are patterns.

  3. Today’s Agenda • Review • In-depth look at one organic molecule (carbs) • Review • In-depth look at one organic molecule (lipids) • Computer-based lab

  4. In-Depth Look Begins • We now begin a closer look at each of the organic molecules. • Lots of info! • First things first, though: • The process of converting a monomer to a polymer by linking monomers together is called polymerization. • (as in polymer-ization – makes sense)

  5. In-Depth Look Begins • Shapes of Organic Compounds • Either ring-like or long chains: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

  6. Carbohydrates • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O • Used for short-term energy. • Monomer: Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides. • Glucose - C6H12O6 • Fructose - C6H12O6 • Galactose - C6H12O6 • Chemical formulas are the same for each. It’s all about what shape they take! • Fun Fact: Glucose is also known as Dextrose.

  7. Shapes of Monosaccharides • Most of the time, scientists tend to draw sugars in a ring shape. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

  8. Monosaccharide Formula • Simple sugars nearly always go by this formula: CnH2nOn • In other words, if n=6, the formula is: • C6H12O6 • In fact, the above formula is almost always the one for sugars. • Sample test question coming next.

  9. Sample Test Question • Mrs. Anderson discovers a new molecule in her lab. She doesn’t know what it is, but she remembers that simple sugars often have the formula C6H12O6. However, her molecule appears to be C2H4O2. • What is the most specific hypothesis Mrs. Anderson can draw about her molecule from her findings? • It’s probably a compound. • It’s probably an organic molecule. • It’s probably a carbohydrate. • No hypothesis can be drawn.

  10. Carbohydrates • Polymer: There are two general kinds of polymers for carbohydrates. • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked. • Polysaccharides: Three or more monosaccharides linked.

  11. Disaccharides • Common Disaccharides: • Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose • Table sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar • Lactose: Galactose + Glucose • Milk sugar • Maltose: Glucose + Glucose • Malt sugar

  12. Polysaccharides • Chitin • Insect exoskeletons and fungi • Glycogen • Used by animals to store energy (liver!) • Starch • Plant energy storage • Cellulose • Plant cell walls

  13. Polysaccharides

  14. Linking Monosaccharides • Joined by glycosidic bonds (or C-O-C bridges):

  15. How Do Those Bridges Form? • That part’s coming later on. For now, just roll with it…

  16. End of Carbohydrates • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Label all (and only) the carbohydrates you can find on there before we move on to lipids.

  17. Lipids • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O. • Used for long-term energy storage. • Remember that the closest thing to a monomer is a triglyceride. There are 4 parts to a triglyceride. • 1 glycerol molecule. • 3 fatty acid chains. (this is where the tri in triglyceride comes from) • Picture next slide…

  18. Triglyceride Glycerol Molecule Fatty Acid Chains http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/FatImg/triglyceride.jpg

  19. Saturated vs. Unsaturated • This Example: • Saturated Fat • Straight Chain • 9 Carbon Chain • 19 Hydrogens • Unsaturated Fat* • Bent Chain • 9 Carbon Chain • 17 Hydrogens • *Monounsaturated. http://www.realfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fat_f2.jpg

  20. End of Lipids • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Label all (and only) the lipids you can find on there before we move on to proteins.

  21. Proteins • Proteins are important for a lot of things in the body. Among others, proteins include: • Enzymes (to speed up reactions) • Antibodies (to fight off infections) • Keratin or collagen (to form skin, hair, nails, feathers, scales)

  22. Proteins • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O and N • Amino acids also have functional groups on either end of the molecule: • One end has an amino group (NH2) • Other end has a carboxyl group (COOH) • Amino acids are a very diverse group: • Some polar, some non-polar, some acidic, some basic, some have rings, some enjoy long walks on the beach and scrambled eggs. • Last one just to make sure you’re not asleep…

  23. Functional Groups • Functional groups: • Amino (-NH2) • Carboxyl (-COOH) • Rest of amino acid (“R”) • (technically “radical”) • Protein Bonds: • Amino acids bond with one another through peptide bonds. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Alpha-amino-acid-2D-flat.png

  24. Functional Groups http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/aminoab.gif

  25. Linking Amino Acids • Imagine a strange train. • The contents of the train can be almost anything as long as the links between them are the same. • The links might as well be -NH2 and -COOH. NH2 COOH Amino Acid R Group Amino Acid R Group Amino Acid R Group Paper Clips Eiffel Tower Snooki

  26. Amino Acids • Keep this listing of amino acids safely in your notebooks. We’re returning to this much later in the year. • For now, let’s have some fun with pronunciation. • First, all of the ones ending in “ine” sound like “eene.”

  27. Amino Acid Pronunciation • Alanine [al-uh-neen] • Arginine [ar-ji-neen] • Aspartic Acid [a-spar-tick acid] • Glutamic Acid [glue-tamic acid] • Glutamine [glue-ta-meen] • Glycine [glei-seen] • Proline [pro-leen] • Serine [serene] • Asparagine [as-par-uh-gene] • Cysteine [sis-teen] • The above are non-essential amino acids. • Can be made by the human body.

  28. Amino Acid Pronunciation • Isoleucine [ey-so-loo-seen] • Leucine [loo-seen] • Lysine [ly-seen] • Methionine [meth-eye-oh-neen] • Phenylalanine [fee-nil-al-uh-neen] • Tryptophan [trip-toe-fan] • Threonine [three-oh-neen] • Valine [vay-leen] • Histidine [his-ti-deen] • Tyrosine [ty-row-seen] • The above are essential amino acids. • They cannot be made by the human body.

  29. Proteins • Don’t forget that enzymes are very important protein molecules. • Enzymescatalyze (help start) chemical reactions. • Without enzymes, life as we know it would not be possible.

  30. One last note on Proteins… • Contrary to popular marketing, proteins do not provide energy directly to the body. • This is why marathon runners don’t eat hamburgers the night before a race. • Analogy: • Solar power plants use the sun to create electricity. The sun is the energy source. • There are people working there too, but they don’t make electricity. They just help the sun get converted into electricity. • In living things, lipids and carbohydrates provide the energy. Proteins just help use it.

  31. Protein Structure Video/Game • FoldIt

  32. End of Proteins • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Label all (and only) the proteins you can find on there before we move on to nucleic acids.

  33. Before we get to Nucleic Acids… • Let’s take a little break and do an e-Lab. • It’s called Identifying Nutrients and it’s on ExploreLearning. • There’s a Quia quiz called “Identifying Nutrients Gizmo” that you’ll need in a new window to guide your work. • [Log-in Instructions]

  34. Nucleic Acids • Distinguishing Elements: C, H, O, N, and P • Remember that DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids. • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid [dee-oxy-ry-bo] • RNA – Ribonucleic Acid [ry-bo] • The monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide. • A nucleotide is made of three separate parts. • Next slide…

  35. Nucleic Acids • Each nucleotide has a: • Sugar molecule with 5-carbons (pentose) • Deoxyribose in DNA • Ribose in RNA • Phosphate group • Phosphorus-based molecule • Nitrogenous base (makes the nucleotide unique) • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine

  36. Nucleotide Structure Guanine Adenine Thymine Cytosine http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/nucleotide1.jpg

  37. Nucleotide Structure • More “scientific”

  38. End of Nucleic Acids • Take a look at your “Name That Carbon Compound!” worksheets. • Finish it!

  39. Exclusion Brainstorming • Another round of “which one of these things is not like the other…” • Talk to your partners! • Use the whiteboards and your notebooks. • Avoid doodling.

  40. Exclusion Brainstorming • Example 1: • Sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose • Answer: Sucrose – not a monosaccharide. • Example 2: • Isoleucine, glycine, adenine, glutamine • Answer: Adenine – not an amino acid. • Example 3: • Adenine, thymine, cytosine, cysteine • Answer: Cysteine – not a nucleotide (nitrogenous base). • Example 4: • Starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose • Answer: Glycogen – only one humans use.

  41. Exclusion Brainstorming • Example 5: • Fatty acid, steroid, triglyceride, glycerol • Answer: Steroid – only one not part of a triglyceride. • Example 6: • Bent fatty acid, unsaturated, liquid, solid • Answer: Solid – all others concern unsaturated fats (oils). • Example 7: • C-O-C bridge, disaccharide, maltose, glucose • Answer: Glucose – all others are related to carbohydrate polymers. • Example 8: • Peptide bond, phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar • Answer: Peptide bond – all others are related to nucleotide structure.

  42. Flowchart • Let’s complete our flowchart, shall we?

  43. Organic Molecule Market • Version 2.0

  44. Quia Review (In Order) • Organic Molecule Fill-In • Organic Molecule Matching • Organic Molecule Challenge Board • Put away one computer and get a partner for this one.

  45. Closure Chart

  46. Closure Chart

More Related