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Explore the evolution of criminological theories, from supernatural forces to feminist perspectives, and the impact of social contexts on crime. This course covers classical, biological, sociological, psychoanalytic, critical, and gender theories.
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Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism Theory Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali Theoretical Perspectives
Intro: • Demonology • Supernatural forces • Religion and the role of Church Classical School of Criminology • Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham • Free will • Severity of punishment • The “cause” of crime
Bentham • “utilitarianism” theory • Views on pain and pleasure • 4 factors to be considered: duration, intensity, certainty/uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness
Today’s shift to focus on policies ands social circumstances • The transition to the Positivist School of Criminology • Going beyond free will The Biological School: Cesare Lombroso • Modern day perspectives
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME • The environment? • The micro vs. macro structure
The Chicago School • Shaw and McKay • Social disorganization • deteriorated neighborhoods, economically disadvantaged, weak social norms
Differential Association Theory • Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950) • Association with others, but how does it take place? Differential Association and Behaviorism • Aker borrowed from Sutherland and incorporated behavior • Operant conditioning • Positive/negative reinforcement • Modeling others
Strain Theory Robert Merton Influenced by Emile Durkheim Anomie and normlessness Merton (unequal access to attain goals in society). SO WHAT? 5 modes of adaptation
Neutralization Theory • Justification of behavior • Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques (denial) The Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud • Id, Ego, Superego
Critical Sociological Theories of Crime • Addressing different issues of crime • Critical Theory: social justice as a legitimate end • Distribution of power in society • How power reflect the role of the CJ system • “conflict” or “radical”
Marxism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Social Theorist: communism reflection • Marx’s critique of capitalism and its impact on social justice
Argued (after studying capitalism system in Europe) that owners of means of production paid workers poorly and used government to pass laws that prevented reform • One with econ power controlled system • Institutions (churches, schools, etc…) under control of owner class • “false consciousness”
Solution in response to “false consciousness” • Social class and power in society; corporate versus street crimes GENDER AND JUSTICE • Male versus female subjects • Feminist movements in 1960s • FEMINISM/FEMINIST views
Curran & Renzetti identify 3 ways crime can be perceived from feminist views: 1. LIBERAL FEMINISM and criminology • 2 issues: 1) power for accomplishment versus gender 2) behavioral approaches among men and women • The opportunity for women to commit crime 2. RADICAL FEMINIST crim • Sexism in a patriarchal society • Are we addressing their concerns?
3. SOCIALIST FEM crim • Social class and gender as a disadvantaged status • Social control as a reason for deviance and violence • Feminist perspective as a social movement INTEGRATED T • Bridging together different T and disciplines • Possible research designs • Social context within which crime exists
