Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477

1. Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism Theory Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali Theoretical Perspectives

2. Intro: • Demonology • Supernatural forces • Religion and the role of Church Classical School of Criminology • Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham • Free will • Severity of punishment • The “cause” of crime

3. Bentham • “utilitarianism” theory • Views on pain and pleasure • 4 factors to be considered: duration, intensity, certainty/uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness

4. Today’s shift to focus on policies ands social circumstances • The transition to the Positivist School of Criminology • Going beyond free will The Biological School: Cesare Lombroso • Modern day perspectives

5. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME • The environment? • The micro vs. macro structure

6. The Chicago School • Shaw and McKay • Social disorganization • deteriorated neighborhoods, economically disadvantaged, weak social norms

7. Differential Association Theory • Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950) • Association with others, but how does it take place? Differential Association and Behaviorism • Aker borrowed from Sutherland and incorporated behavior • Operant conditioning • Positive/negative reinforcement • Modeling others

8. Strain Theory Robert Merton Influenced by Emile Durkheim Anomie and normlessness Merton (unequal access to attain goals in society). SO WHAT? 5 modes of adaptation

9. Neutralization Theory • Justification of behavior • Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques (denial) The Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud • Id, Ego, Superego

10. Critical Sociological Theories of Crime • Addressing different issues of crime • Critical Theory: social justice as a legitimate end • Distribution of power in society • How power reflect the role of the CJ system • “conflict” or “radical”

11. Marxism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Social Theorist: communism reflection • Marx’s critique of capitalism and its impact on social justice

12. Argued (after studying capitalism system in Europe) that owners of means of production paid workers poorly and used government to pass laws that prevented reform • One with econ power controlled system • Institutions (churches, schools, etc…) under control of owner class • “false consciousness”

13. Solution in response to “false consciousness” • Social class and power in society; corporate versus street crimes GENDER AND JUSTICE • Male versus female subjects • Feminist movements in 1960s • FEMINISM/FEMINIST views

14. Curran & Renzetti identify 3 ways crime can be perceived from feminist views: 1. LIBERAL FEMINISM and criminology • 2 issues: 1) power for accomplishment versus gender 2) behavioral approaches among men and women • The opportunity for women to commit crime 2. RADICAL FEMINIST crim • Sexism in a patriarchal society • Are we addressing their concerns?

15. 3. SOCIALIST FEM crim • Social class and gender as a disadvantaged status • Social control as a reason for deviance and violence • Feminist perspective as a social movement INTEGRATED T • Bridging together different T and disciplines • Possible research designs • Social context within which crime exists