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Explore the importance of causation in social science research, including variables, correlation, and the scientific method. Learn to identify factors influencing social events to draw accurate conclusions. Watch videos for visual explanation.
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Unit 1Chapter 2, Sections 2-3 Causation in Science/ Procedure and Ethics in Research Mr. Young
Essential Question • Why is it important to look at the cause before jumping to conclusions of the effect of an event?
The Nature of Causation • Causation- events occur in predictable, nonrandom ways • Social Scientists look for the factors that cause social events to happen
Causation Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbZoKEOkUg
Multiple Causation • Belief that an event occurs as a result of several factors working in combination
Variables • Characteristic that is subject to change
Quantitative Variable • Variable that can be measured and given a numerical value • Example: literacy rate in developing countries
Qualitative Variable • Defined by presence or absence in a category • Example: “either/or” “yes/no” • Sex, Marital status, group membership
Independent Variable • A characteristic that causes something to occur • Time studying for test
Dependent Variable • A characteristic that reflects a change • Grade on Test
Intervening Variable • Variable that changes the relationship between an independent and dependent variable • Government assistance that can help the poor • Sickness in the family
Correlation • A measure of the relationship between two variables • Existence of correlation does not necessarily mean a cause-and-effect relationship exists
Correlation videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLLJMMXrnQE&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkAymkcZO48
Positive correlation • When independent and dependent variable change in the same direction • When grades (dependent) improve as study time increases (independent)
Positive Correlation Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6AtTIdjRQ4
Negative correlation • Variables change in opposite direction • Grades (dependent) go down as time spent watching television (independent) increase
Correlation and Causation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1yhiE
Standards for showing causation • Standard 1- Two variables must be correlated
Standards Continued • Standard 2- All other possible factors must be taken into account • Spurious correlation- relationship between two variables that is actually caused by 3rd factor
Standard Cont. • Standard 3- Change in independent variable must occur before a change in dependent can occur
Section 3: Procedures in Research • Scientific Method- pursuit of knowledge in a systematic way • Hypothesis- educated guess
7 steps of research • Step 1: Identify the Problem
Step 3: Formulate Hypothesis • Because of the popularity of the show, more people with last name Griffen are calling their son Stewie
Steps Contiued: • Step 5: Collect Data • Step 6: Analyze Data • Step 7: State finding and Conclusion
Essential Question • Why is it important to look at the cause before jumping to conclusions of the effect of an event?