East Japan Railway Workers Union Planning Director Akinori Yanagi

1. Disaster Preventions in the Time of Emergency and the Social Role and Responsibility of the Railway Workers East Japan Railway Workers Union Planning Director Akinori Yanagi

2. Damages by the Great East Japan Earthquake (Coastlines) 2

3. Damages by the Great East Japan Earthquake (Buildings) 3

4. 14:46 March 11th 2011 Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake hits Victims approximately 19,000 Fukushima accident still continues 【Damages in JR East Company Areas】 Dead JR East Company 5 persons Affiliated Companies 7 persons Still Missing 2 persons More than 1,100 cases of total or partial destruction and washed out houses 4

5. Damages of Railways (Shinkansen) Tohoku Shinkansen Sendai-Furukawa 5

6. Damages of Railways (Shinkansen) Tohoku Shinkansen Furukawa-Kurikoma Kogen 6

7. Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Ishinomaki Line near Onagawa Station Ishinomaki Line

8. Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Yamada LineRikuchuyamada Yamada Line 8

9. Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Ofunato Line Rikuzenyahagi-Takekoma Ofutona Line 9

10. Damages of Railways 7 local lines nearly total collapse Senseki Line Senseki Line Nobiru 10

11. Damages of Railways 7 local lines and Shinkanse nearly total collapse No victims on train in service, this is “Miracle” Surveys to collect experiences from union members Miracle was not made accidentally, it was made inevitally Preparation in both software and hardware (education, training and manuals) There were many situations beyond expectations of education, training and manuals ⇒JR workers made appropriate decisions on sites 11

12. Why did they make such decisions? Why did they make such decisions? We need to pass on the lessons learned from the disaster to the next generations. It is important to establish the philosophy of railway safety. We carried out a survey to the union members who experienced the earthquake. Method: Survey 25% of total union members 　　　　　　　　　・・・11,827 distributed and 11,207 returned 94.8% Tape recorded ・・・54 members were tape recorded Free writing・・・ Opinions from about 500 members This Presentation talks about anti-disaster measures, education and training for JR East workers who answered in the survey. 12

13. 1. After the Earthquake, it was difficult to secure a way of communication with the control centre 13

14. After the earthquake, communication with the control centre was difficult ◇To secure a way of communication with the control centre Not on the day Not 2 to 3 days Immediately Others Within 1 to 2 hours Within 12 hours Sales (Station, etc) 6.4 8.2 6.0 2.2 16.5 60.7 Drivers 8.9 11.0 3.7 1.8 24.5 50.1 Facility （Railway and electricity etc） 3.5 12.6 7.9 13.2 24.8 38.1 The numbers were too low given the fact that the control centre is responsible for the train in service and for evacuation. With the damages beyond expectations, it was impossible to give orders and know the damages at every worksites by the centre. Communication had been down for more than 1 day. The important key is how to secure the communication and to give a priority for decisions on site. 14

15. After the earthquake, communication with the control centre was difficult ◇Ways of obtaining information about earthquake and tsunami on the day of earthquake ７７．９ ２８．３ ２５．２ ２３．９ ５．５ ２．４ Company Info TV Others Wireless info from the local govt Internet Radio Company info was not enough, workers obtained info on their own way It is important of how to obtain information reflecting modern information society

16. 2. Manuals were useless at all 16

17. 2. Manuals were useless at all ◇Do you have “the manuals for a large scale earthquake”? Received the manuals but unsure whereabouts Always keep them at hands Have manuals at home Others Manuals were not distributed 0.9 6.2 44.7 24.5 23.7 More than 70% do not have manuals at hands ◇How did you use the manuals when an earthquake hits? Did not know them at all Fully used Others Did not use them at all Used Did not use them much 3.1 49.4 10.3 29.2 6.7 1.3 More than 80% do not use the manuals

18. 2. Manuals were useless at all Education on earthquake manuals Had lessons but understanding is not enough Lessons were provided but did not attend them There was no education Had lessons and understood the content clearly Others 1.5 19.6 7.6 29.2 42.1 More than 80% do not understand the content of education

19. 2. Manuals were useless at all Review of manuals Easy to understand Easy to see Useful manuals Education and training Practical drills anticipating all possible situations Sales Trainings for fire, earthquake, tsunami are necessary in cooperation with a local government In practice ・Had education 60% Had education and understood 20% Education has become a mere formality Driver Making hazard maps of each area ・No education 40% Listen to workers on site Manuals were useless in time of emergency Training to think independently No time for education on emergency Busy worksites cannot have education Training to know special conditions of each line Incredible cases occur Practical education is necessary to cope with emergency Facility Impossible to know all dangerous areas when a natural disaster occurs To guarantee time for education To nurture a teaching professional Training on how to use emergency telephone Ladder using evacuation drills Talks needed to point out problems and find out causes Communication with partner companies

20. When tsunami warning issued Run to a high ground Not stopping in tunnel nor on bridge No individuals forced to be imposed responsibility 2. Manuals were useless at all Review of manuals, they were useless but they are necessary Making manuals reflecting opinions of workers on site Experience and thinking power, long experiences on field Broadcasting to passengers In case of emergency with no communication regarding one’s life Sales A system giving priority for decisions on site A system does not impose responsibility on individuals even if the decision turns out wrong Important In Practice Unexpected situations can occur Gathering information Useless manuals Evacuate to a high ground when tsunami warning is issued Not carrying manuals Don’t know the content of manuals Driver Not stopping in tunnel nor on bridge No education done Gathering information Education has become a mere formality Evacuate to a high ground when tsunami warning is issued Manuals for rebuilding, not for saving one’s life Facility Gathering information Evacuate to a high ground when tsunami warning is issued 20

21. 3. When a disaster occurs, evacuation procedures and routes were not used 21

22. 3. Evacuation procedures and sites when a disaster occurs ◇Evacuation procedures from a worksite when a disaster occurs Procedures were clear Others Don’t know the procedures Procedures were not clear enough Procedures were unclear 0.8 32.4 22.0 18.6 26.2 More than 70% do not understand the evacuation procedures ◇Evacuation sites from worksite when a disaster occurs Clear enough Unclear Others Not clear enough Don’t know 19.7 0.8 32.9 25.2 21.4 Nearly 70% were unsure about evacuation sites

23. 3. Evacuation procedures and sites when a disaster occurs ◇Did you evacuate to an evacuation site from your worksite? Did not evacuate because there were no orders Evacuated by order Did not evacuate even after orders Evacuated on my own No answers 7.0 18.0 13.0 2.2 59.8 Workers at head office and branches were able to evacuate in group. Workers on site show lower tendency of actual evacuation ◇Places like stations, there are many customers, we cannot guide them to evacuate ◇We cannot evacuate first, leaving others behind ◇Some workers do not understand the evacuation sites ◇Tsunami hit evacuation sites so some sites were inappropriate for evacuation ◇When a train stops, in many cases, a driver does not know the local situations and it is important of how to overcome the limitations of education

24. 4. Actual voices that made “Miracle” leading to Zero victims 24

25. 4. A voice that made zero victims (A case at Ofunato) ○Info from the city about huge tsunami warning ○Local people were evacuating to a high ground crossing the railway Train stopped when earthquake occured Ofunato Ichinoseki Driver started to make passengers prepare for evacuation Order to stop Evacuation order to Ofunato elementary school Driver told them to evacuate Ofunato elementary school Control Centre Ofunato Junior High A local said Ofunato Junior high was on a higher ground and safer Driver thought elementary school was on lower ground and close to the sea, they evacuated Ofunato Junior High Ofunato Elementary 25

26. 4. A voice that made zero victims (A case at Ofuna) Control centre On site Control centre ordered, Ofunato elementary school Followed an opinion of a local, evacuated to the junior high This violates the order of the control centre 【Lesson learned】 ・Control centre has limitations. Decisions on site are very important This case resulted in success, but the opposite case could occur ◇The driver did not follow the order of control centre, so he might be charged for ignoring the order Even if it turns out a wrong decision, a system should be established not to charge the responsibility of decisions on site 26

27. 4. A voice that made zero victims (A case at Shinchi) Shinchi station Stopped at Shinchi, then a huge shock came 2 policemen on the train offered to help passengers No communication with the control centre The driver returned to the station, but nobody was there Control Centre Policemen said tsunami warning was issued and passengers were guided to a city office 40 passengers were guided by policemen Shinchi City Hall Driver and conductor stayed and watched the train 500 meter away from the sea, never thought tsunami would come Then, tsunami came, no time to run away Trains were washed away Lesson: Close doors Stayed until morning on the bridge, no communication with anyone listening to a radio all night Ran to bridge 27

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30. 4. A voice that made zero victims (Hisanohama) Road Huge Tsunami warning Dangerous area Hisanohama Yotsukura Train stopped with emergency brake by driver Tsunami warning Evacuation order Driver saw huge tsunami warning on a display on the road, this is not a normal situation Passengers were panic Control centre Ladders in the train were not strong enough to support passengers No time to get passengers off from the train, all doors opened and chairs were removed to use them as ladders. Elders were carried out with hands on Getting everyone off the train completed in 10 to 15 mins 3 policemen working on the road, helped passengers off the train Driver confirmed nobody left behind Tsunami came in front of the road A local guided passengers to a high ground, they went to junior high, instead of Hisanohama station 30

31. 4. A voice that made zero victims (Hisanohama) Road Huge tsunami warning Dangerous area Hisanohama Yotsukura Tsunami came in front of the road Going to Hisanohama⇒Confirmed passengers are on high ground. The city was destroyed and they helped injured people with firefighters As long as I wear uniform of JR East, I cannot run away Emergency medical staff requested to carry out first aids with gauze When I think of that moment now, I still wonder what should I do? Instructed to wear protecting gloves, Decided to carry out first aids Fire in front of station, many injured people were carried into Hisanohama station 31

32. 5. Summary 1. Situations beyond expectations can occur It is important to train workers who can decide on their own and act independently Control centre has limitations To establish a system giving priority to decisions on site A system needed not imposing responsibility on individuals even if the decisions turns out wrong Practical education using real equipment on site Education aiming to nurture thinking power 3. Education and training are necessary 4. To sharpen a sense of lessening damages On site power Incredible power can be exercised Researching all possible situations, practical education and training. Then what do you do?

33. 5. Summary ◇Voices which fulfilled one’s own responsibility “Conquering worries and fears, I was able to act calmly” “With limited information, I acted with a strong sense of responsibility, motivation and commitment for my job” “Judging my situations accurately, I make instantly a decision to secure safety”

34. We regard this earthquake as a lesson, we aim to nurture a railway person who has a top priority for respecting human beings as well as philosophy of humanism Thank you for your listening East Japan Railway Workers Union 34