Ethics in Psychological Research

1. Ethics in Psychological Research • Ethics – __________________ • Research ethics – responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful of all individuals affected by their research. • Obligations as researchers • Treat human research participants with respect and in a way that maintains their ______ and __________ • Care for the ________________ when they are the subjects of research • Be ________ in the treatment of data

2. Ethics in Psychological Research • Code of Ethics developed by APA • Planning research • Voluntary status of participants • Treatment of participants

3. Planning research • Does the ______________________ of the study outweigh the __________________ to research participants? • Planning research • Scientists should consider ethical acceptability of study, design study according to ethical standards • Minimize possibility of __________________ • Scientists should take steps to protect rights and welfare of subjects

4. Planning research • Responsibility • Conduct research ____________ • Responsible for __________ ___________________________ • They and assistants are appropriately _____ • Consult with _________ concerning special populations • Psychologists should conduct research in a manner consistent with __________________ • Psychologists should obtain approval from the _________________ prior to conducting research • Psychologists should obtain _______________

5. Institutional approval • Institutional Review Board (IRB) • Group of at least ___people at • Faculty from several departments, one member of the outside community, one _____________ • IRB has to be in place for a university to receive ________________ for research • Researchers must obtain IRB approval ________conducting research (Researchers must submit proposal to IRB for review) • IRB evaluate _______________, __________, ________________

6. IRB-issues • Methods • ______ research • Overly conservative • ______ model

7. Ensuring that participants are volunteers • Informed consent –principle that participants should be given __________________ about the study so that they can make an informed decision – it ensures that ___________ ___________. • Informed consent __________________ – Formal agreement between researcher and participant that clarifies the nature of the research and responsibilities of both parties. Participants must ____________________ before they begin participation

8. Ensuring that participants are volunteers • Informed consent: • Describes what ___________________ • ________________ • Potential _______ or discomforts • _____________ • Describes how subjects are _____________ • __________ treatments

9. Informed consent Cases in the US that have provoked critical reactions: • ________________ – (1956-1970) • Children with mental retardation purposely infected with hepatitis for study • Parents told of procedure, but may have felt pressured • Researchers said that participants would have gotten hepatitis anyway • _________________ – (1930s) • 400 African American men purposely infected with syphilis • Never told about the nature of their disease • Were not given treatment

10. Special populations • Not all participants can give consent • _______ • _______ • Must get _________ • Must get consent from ________________ • Some populations may experience coercion • __________

11. Treatment of participants • Minimizing _______ and ensure well-being of participants • Maintaining _____________ – information about participants remains private • Provide participant with information about study • _____________ – researchers sometimes withhold information about study (passive or active). • Used when providing information may disrupt the study • Must be ________ • Researcher must not withhold information about ______________ • Participants must be _________

12. Treatment of participants • Debriefing – At the ________________ researchers discuss the experiment with participants • Explain the _____________________ • Explain the importance and purpose of any ___________ • Reducing _______ __________ experienced within session

13. Ethical Guidelines for research with nonhumans • Why animals in psychological research? • ______________________ • Manipulations that ________be done with humans • Clear _________ for humans and other animals • Justifying the study – Scientific value weighed against ___________ to animals • Caring for animals • Federal regulations • Legitimate suppliers • Veterinary care • ________________________________ (______) – equivalent to IRB • Use of animals for ________

14. Scientific Fraud Deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain • _____________ – deliberately taking the ideas of someone else and claiming them as one’s own • ____________ (_______) –not reporting all data to completely fabricating results, e.g., Cyril Burt – improbable data on the IQ data in twins • May be detected in the ___________ process • ________________ may report it • May be noticed if data don’t fit with other ______________ • Why? • How to prevent it?

15. Fraud - recommendations • Never ___________ data • Never _________ data from a report • Keep ____ data