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P. BENTHOS. Type of Substrate Hard (Rock) Soft (Sand or Mud). P. BENTHOS. Degree of Wave Shock High Energy (Rock) Low Energy (Sand or Mud). P. S. Convergence. Divergence. BENTHOS. Intertidal Duration of Exposure Leads to zonation Subtidal Deep-Sea. 15_02a. Zonation in a
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P BENTHOS • Type of Substrate • Hard (Rock) • Soft (Sand or Mud)
P BENTHOS • Degree of Wave Shock • High Energy (Rock) • Low Energy (Sand or Mud)
S Convergence Divergence
BENTHOS • Intertidal • Duration of Exposure • Leads to zonation • Subtidal • Deep-Sea
15_02a Zonation in a rocky intertidal P
15_02b S PERIWINKLES
15_02g S BARNACLES
15_02i S ANEMONE
15_04 S
15_05b SEA URCHINS S
15_06 S ALGAE
P Zonation partly dependent on exposure, but also partly dependent on competition
S East side of the Galveston jetties - notice light green band of algae AND dark green of a different algae
15_08 SAND BEACH ZONATION less obvious, but still there S
15_09a-e CLAM BURROWING S
15_12a S Nematode Head (x804)
P LIVING STRATEGIES • Attached • Free Living • Burrowing 11/20
15_14a S Kelp (attached)
15_18b S Sponge (attached)
15_15a S Spiny Lobster (free living)
15_16 S Oyster Drill (free living)
15_15a S Macrobenthos
15_12a S Microbenthos
P CORAL REEFS • serve as important habitats in the tropical oceans • are populated by about 25% of all fish species • are presently in a severe state of decline world-wide from ocean warming, sedimentation and exploitation
15_17 P Speciation radiates from Indo-Pacific
P Coral Polyps
P ENERGY TRANSPORT TODEEP-SEA ORGANISMS • Small sinking particles • Transport from land • Large sinking particles
15_22 P Schematic Food Pathways
15_Ctl S Baited Camera - 9600 meters
15_Ctr S
15_Ccl S
15_Ccr S
15_Cbl S
15_Cbr S