3rd Quarter Project American Revolution & Progressivism and Foreign Affairs

1. 3rd Quarter ProjectAmerican Revolution &Progressivism and Foreign Affairs • Jake Laubenstein • 11th Hour

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3. Politics • Boston Tea Party- Bostonians dressed as Mohawks boarded ships, and threw tea chests into the Boston harbor • Boston Massacre- British government placed troops in Boston. Tensions ran high. British fired into crowd and killed 5 people. • Committee of Correspondence- Organized by the local governments of the 13 Colonies during the American Revolution for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony. warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Britain. • Franklin's Albany Plan- Get the colony together and fight in the war together • First Continental Congress- met in September 1774 in Philadelphia and made 5 major decisions • Rejected plan for colonial union under British authority. • Endorsed statement of grievances, called for repeal of oppressive legislation. • Recommended colonists to make military preparations for defense of British attack against Boston. • Non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumption agreement to stop all trades with Britain. Colonial Association was formed. • Agreed to meet in spring.

4. Ideological/Intellectual Ideas • Philosophy of Revolt- Ideas that would support revolution. Government was necessary to protect individuals from evils of people. • Enlightenment- The ideas of the enlightenment encouraged people of the new United States to form a government based on law and reason.

5. Religion • Revolution stemmed from Religion, mainly the Puritans. • Puritans- Wanted to purify the Anglican Church • Separatists- Wanted to separate from the Anglican Church • Catholics- Lord Baltimore founded Maryland from them to practice Catholicism. Was a place where people had religious protection to worship as they pleased.

6. Artistic • Paul Revere- The British Are Coming, Boston Massacre

7. Technological • Shift from home-based hand manufacturing to large-scale factory production.

8. Economic • Sugar Act- Passed by Britain in 1764, lowering taxes on molasses. Also gave British authorities right to search and takes good without going to court. • Stamp Act- Passed by Britain in 1765. New tax on all printed materials. Helped raise money for French/Indian war. • Declaratory Act- Stamp Act got repealed. Gave Parliament the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies. • Townshend Acts- Passed by Britain in 1767. Put tax on all imported goods. • Quebec Act- Britain wanted to ease tensions with Canadians so they didn’t join up with American Colonists. Expanded Quebec territory.

9. Social • Women Role In Resistance • Daughters of liberty • Paxton Boys- marched on the capital to demand protection and protest the Quaker assembly.

10. People • Patrick Henry- “Virginia Resolves” • William Pitt- urged removal of American Troops • Samuel Adams- organized committee of correspondence • John Locke- Enlightened thinker, his ideas were used to help construct the U.S. constitution

11. Foreign • Treaty of Paris: • French transferred Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to England • Spain gave England Florida • France gave Louisiana territory to Spain • French and Indian war (Seven Years War): • French – Canada and Louisiana • British – colonies • Fought over Gulf of St. Lawrence and Ohio River

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13. Politics • American Leaders- George Washington, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson • Articles of Confederation- set up a national legislature that could raise an army and navy, declare war and negotiate treaties, borrow and coin money, run a postal system • Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation: • A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Representatives were frequently absent. • Could not tax or raise armies. • No executive or judicial branches.

14. Ideological/Intellectual Ideas • Republicanism- All power came from people. Could not be just a few powerful aristocrats and mass of dependent workers. Idea of independent landowner was basic political ideology.

15. Religion • Anglicans were mostly Loyalists. • Quakers weakened because their pacifism was unpopular. • Independents called Loyalists “Tories”.

16. Artistic • Thomas Paine- Common Sense • Yankee Doodle Song

17. Technological • Electricity • Telescopes • Navigation Systems • Road and Canal systems

18. Economic • Land Ordinance of 1784- Divided the Northwest Territory into townships and lots. • Northwest Ordinance of 1787- the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi would be settled and become part of the U.S. • Shay’s Rebellion- several hundred farmers led by Daniel Shays, marched on the state supreme court in Springfield, preventing it from carrying out foreclosures and debt collection.

19. Social • Patriot men going off to fight left wives, mothers in charge of farms and businesses • Women chose or were forced to join camps of Patriot armies. Raised morale and performed tasks on cooking, nursing, and cleaning. • Some women wanted modest expansion of women’s rights and protections. Others wanted equal education and rights • Revolution encouraged people to reevaluate contributions of women

20. Supreme Court Cases • Worcester v. Georgia- Georgia had no right to control access to Native American territory • Johnson v. McIntosh- Justices unanimously decided the United States owned all the land occupied by Native American due to the virtue of the Discovery Doctrine.

21. People • Abigail Adams- Wanted women’s rights • Mary Wollstonecraft- Wrote novels such as Frankenstein • Benedict Arnold- threatened Quebec in order to remove British threat and recruit Canadians.

22. Foreign • Battle of Saratoga- The British were defeated. • Treaty of Greenville- Signed at Fort Greenville, on August 2, 1795, between Native Americans and the United States following the loss of Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. • Yorktown- Last battle between the British and the U.S. where the British surrendered.

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24. Politics • Theodore Roosevelt as Sec. of the Navy. • Platt Amendment- amendment to the Cuban constitution by which the US was allowed certain concessions stands • De Lome Letter- was a trigger of the Spanish-American war. Spanish Minister called President Mckinley weak and a low politician. • Anti-Imperialist League- Opposed America’s territorial expansion. • Yellow Journalism- Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to attract readers.

25. Ideological/Intellectual Ideas • New Manifest Destiny- God given destiny to move west and acquire new territories such as California and New Mexico.

26. Religion • Manifest Destiny- God given right to move westward.

27. Artistic • Josiah Strong- Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis • Alfred Thayer Mahan- The Influence of Sea Power on History • Albert J. Beveridge- Life of John Marshall

28. Technological • Pasteurization-Became so widespread that the first compulsory pasteurization law applying to all milk

29. Economic • Hawaii- Americans who had settled on the island had come to dominate political and economic life of islands. • Puerto Rico- Sugar economy flourished without tariffs.

30. Social • Rough Riders- cavalry group that was part of the charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba.

31. Supreme Court Cases • Standard Oil v. United States- Court adopted the “Rule of Reason” • Lochner v. New York- The Court overturned multiple laws. • Muller v. Oregon- The Court sustained the grounds that the statutes represented legitimate exercises of the states' police power.

32. People • Albert J. Beveridge- Republican of the U.S. Senate. He supported the progressive legislation. • Henry Cabot Lodge- Served in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Supported WWI but not the League of Nations. • James G. Blaine- Was in House of Representatives, Senate, Secretary of State, Rep President Candidate, and part of the first Pan-American Congress. • John Hay- Linked to end of Spanish American war and Panama Canal • Emilio Aquinaldo- Lead the rebellion in the Philippines. Was captured in 1901. • William Howard Taft- Helped prepare the Filipinos for rebellion and independence.

33. Foreign • Venezuelan Boundary Dispute- Wanted to expand U.S. influence into Latin America. Had dispute with Great Britain over Venezuela. • Treaty of Paris- War with Spain ended and the U.S. got the Philippines for $20 million. • Pearl Harbor- U.S. naval base stationed in Hawaii. Sugar plantation. • Samoan Islands- Station for US chips in Pacific trade • Boxer Rebellion- Chinese uprising that was stopped by eight foreign countries. • Open Door Policy- All countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

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35. Politics • 19th Amendment- Women’s suffrage amendment that gave women the right to vote. • Equal Rights Amendment- Designed mainly to invalidate many state and federal laws that discriminated against women • Split Ticket- Ballot cast for candidates of 2 or more political parties. • 18th Amendment- Law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages. • City-Manager Plan- Elected officials would hire outside experts to run the government. • Niagara Movement- African American Organization that advocated to get the rights as all other Americans. • Socialist Party- Eugene V. Debs formed this political party. Worked to transform society in a socialist direction.

36. Ideological/Intellectual Ideas • Referendum- A direct popular vote on a proposed law or constitutional amendment. • Direct Primary- Voters directly select the candidates that will run for office. • Eugenics- Science of improving the human population by controlled breeding. • Socialism- Production, distribution, and exchange should be owned/regulated by the community as a whole. • Progressivism- Progress towards better conditions in government and society.

37. Religion • “Social Gospel”- Formed by the muckrakers. Was fusion of religion with reform. • Muckrakers- Formed the Social Gospel. Protestant.

38. Artistic • Ida Tarbell- The History of the Standard Oil Company • Tom Johnson- Village Voice, The Four-Note Opera.

39. Technological • Running Water- Made housework less of a burden and declined family size. • Electricity- Made housework less of a burden and declined family size.

40. Economic • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire- Bosses killed many women workers because they locked the emergency exit doors. • Temperance Crusade- Attempted to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed.

41. Social • Salvation Army- Christian social welfare organization. • Children’s Bureau- Federal agency that worked to give children a proper and protective childhood. • Women’s Suffrage- A movement to promote and secure the rights of women. • National American Suffrage Association- worked to secure women's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment. Was open to women members only. • Settlement House Movement- Environment influenced development of individuals.

42. Supreme Court Cases • Hammer v. Dagenhart- Court found that the Keating‐Owen Child Labor Act was not a valid regulation of commerce and intruded the police power of the states.

43. People • Lincoln Steffens- Journalist who exposes muckraking journalism. • Elizabeth Stanton- Leading figure in the early women’s movement. • Booker T. Washington- Believed in changing segregation to make us all equal. • W.E.B. DuBois- Wanted to eliminate segregation between whites and blacks. • Robert LaFollette- Senator, Congressman, and Governor of Wisconsin. • Charles Murphy- "Silent Charlie" Murphy. Head of New York City's Tammany Hall.

44. Foreign • There was not much foreign related issues occurring during this time as the U.S. was focusing on progressing their own government and society.

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46. Politics • 16th Amendment- Gave congress the power to levy any income tax. • 17th Amendment- Senators were elected directly by qualified citizens. • Square Deal- President Theodore Roosevelt's program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business. • Payne-Aldrich Tariff- A bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. • Progressive Party- Theodore Roosevelt’s party in 1912. Also called Bull Moose Party.

47. Ideological/Intellectual Ideas • New Nationalism- Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy. The central issue he argued was human welfare versus property rights. • New Freedom- Support new public transportation services.

48. Religion • No major Religious movements or changes are occurring during this time frame.

49. Artistic • Upton Sinclair- The Jungle interpreted the hard-ships of ethnic workers as an odyssey toward socialist re-birth.

50. Technological • Panama Canal- Allowed for fasted, more efficient ways of sailing rather than sailing all around South America.