490 likes | 645 Views
Toward Sustainable Energy & Climate through a Whole Community Approach. John Randolph Urban Affairs & Planning Virginia Tech. Groundswell of Rhetoric and Plans to Mitigate Climate Change. International action: EU leader, Copenhagen 2009 Federal proposals for carbon cap & trade
E N D
Toward Sustainable Energy & Climatethrough a Whole Community Approach John Randolph Urban Affairs & Planning Virginia Tech
Groundswell of Rhetoric and Plans to Mitigate Climate Change • International action: EU leader, Copenhagen 2009 • Federal proposals for carbon cap & trade • EPA to regulate CO2, GHG as air pollutant • U.S. State and Community Climate Action plans • 26 state climate action plans • ~1000 cities in Cool Cities program • 606 campuses signed commitment for climate neutrality • Common target GHG emission reduction to 80% below 1990 or 2005 levels by 2050
Town Council adopts this 80% reduction target for Blacksburg
Virginia Tech also adopted this 80% reduction target by 2050
Sustainable or “Whole” Community Energy • A comprehensive approach to community energy and land use from building to metro scales: • Building: • Life-cycle efficiency for energy • Site: • On-site distributed energy • Neighborhood to Region: • Smart Growth & land use efficiency • Density, transport efficiency and transit • Smart Grid, distributed energy, and vehicle electrification • …achieved through evolving technology & design and green markets enhanced by green ratings and government codes, policies • …which can reduce GHG emissions, oil, and energy
“Whole” Community Energy Three pieces of the whole • Buildings: • 1/2 of our energy use today • 40% of carbon emissions • Electricity: • 40% of energy and growing • 52% from coal, 20% nuclear, 16% gas, 12% renewables • 39% of carbon emissions • Our overall electricity is only 30% efficient • Transportation: • 1/3 of our energy use today • 2/3 of our oil use • 32% of carbon emissions
Buildings and “Whole Community” EnergyEvolution of building energy in codes, ratings, practice • 1960s-70s “Envelope” Heating operating energy • 1980s “Envelope, Infiltration, HVAC” Heating + AC operating energy • 1990s-2000s “Whole Building” Heating + AC + appliances + lighting operating energy • 2000s+ “Whole Building Life-Cycle” Heating + AC + appliances + lighting operating energy + environmental/health impacts + life-cycle embodied energy • 2010s+ “Whole Community” All of above + on-site generation, site/neighborhood design, and regional connectivity
Building “Envelope + Infiltration”: codes for new buildings, retrofit for old qceiling qwalls qwindows Inside Ti qinfiltration Ambient Ta qdoors qfloor qtot= q walls+ q windows+ q ceiling+ q floor+ q doors+ q infiltration
“Whole Building Energy” • Whole Building: Goes beyond Envelope + Infiltration + HVAC……… to include electricity (appliances + lighting) • Where are we today? Whole Building moving into ratings and some codes • …and future efficiency codes and standards have helped drive new technology
The Great Story of Refrigerator Efficiency… Since 1975, 25% bigger, 1/3 the energy, 1/3 the cost 1st State Standards (CA) 1st Federal Standards More stringent Standards Source: David Goldstein
Evolution of Lighting Hack, 2009
LEED-H (Homes): “Whole Building” Energy “Building Envelope” Points • Location and Linkages10 • Sustainable Sites22 • Water Efficiency 15 • Indoor Air Quality 21 • Materials and Resources 18 • Energy and Atmosphere38 1 ENERGY STAR Home Req+16 2 Insulation Req+2 3 Air Infiltration Req+5 4 Windows Req+3 5 Duct Tightness Req+5 6 Space Heating and Cooling HVAC Req+6 7 Water Heating 3+3 8 Lighting Energy Efficient Req+5 9 Appliances 2+1 10 Renewable Electric Generation System 10 11 Non-HCFC Refrigerant 3 • Homeowner Awareness1 • Innovation and Design Process 11 • Project Maximum Points: 136 Certified 45 pts; Silver 60 pts; Gold 75 pts; Platinum 90 pts “Whole Building”
“Whole Building Life-Cycle” Energy • “Whole Building” (envelope + HVAC + appliances + lighting operating energy) + environmental/health impacts + life-cycle embodied energy • Where are we? In Green Building ratings but not in codes
LEED-H Homes: “Whole Building Life-Cycle” Points • Location and Linkages10 • Sustainable Sites22 • Water Efficiency 15 • Indoor Air Quality 21 1 ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Quality Package (IAP) 13 2 Combustion Venting Req+2 3 Humidity Control 1 4 Outdoor Air Ventilation Req+3 5 Local Exhaust Req+2 6 Supply Air Distribution Req+3 7 Supply Air Filtering Req+3 8 Contaminant Control Req+4 9 Radon Protection Req+1 10 Vehicle & Garage Pollutant Protection Req+6 • Materials and Resources 18 1 Home Size: Smaller than National Average 10 2 Material Efficient Framing Req+2 3 Local Sources Materials 3 4 Durability Plan Req+3 5 Environmentally Preferable Products Req+4 6 Waste Management Req+2 • Energy and Atmosphere38 • Homeowner Awareness1 • Innovation and Design Process 11 Project Maximum Points: 136 Certified 45 pts; Silver 60 pts; Gold 75 pts; Platinum 90 pts
“Whole Community Energy” • “Whole Building Life Cycle” plus…. • … on-site energy generation • … site design • … neighborhood design • … regional connectivity • Where are we? In some rating systems, not in codes. • But signs of things to come? • DOE Building America program • Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) • LEED-ND Neighborhood Development • Land Use Zoning and Form-Based Codes
“Whole Community Energy” and On-site Distributed Electricity • Buildings as power plants • Net metering feeds excess on-site power to grid • Other local power sources: micro-turbines, stationary fuel cells, regional wind farms… • Power storage for load management • Electric vehicles and storage: grid to vehicles, vehicles to grid, “smart grid”
Rooftop Photovoltaics: Buildings and Neighborhoods as power plants
Net-metering for Grid-Connected Systems • On-site generation feeds the house when needed, feeds the grid with excess power • “Bank” excess energy with the local utility • Meter spins backward; customer receives full retail value for each kWh produced • Net excess generation (NEG) usually credited monthly or annually
Net Zero Energy Buildings: Federal DOE BA & 2007 EISA Goals, 2020 CA Title 24? Efficiency improvements
“Whole Community Energy” Transportation: Land Use & Vehicles • “Whole Community” goes beyond the building and site scale to… • the Neighborhood: compactness, walkability • the Community: interconnectedness, transit • the Region: growth boundaries • From energy efficient buildings to energy efficient land use and transportation
U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) 1960-2005, projections to 2025 Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years Millions
Energy Use Depends on Land Use Pattern (and Consumer Choice) 417
Vehicle Miles Travelled Carbon impact: Chicago VMT CO2 per square mile
Can “Smart Growth” Reduce VMT and Building Energy? • Smart Growth: • Steering growth away from outlying greenfields to areas of existing infrastructure where infill development can revitalize urban centers and inner ring suburbs • The five D’s of efficient land use: • Density, Diversity, Design, Destination accessibility, Distance to transit • Increased density reduces travel distances, creates better opportunities for effective transit, and possibly more livable neighborhoods and reduced VMT • If SG leads to more compact, smaller and more attached housing units then building energy savings
Urban Growth Boundary Necessary to Arrest sprawl, Enable transit, Preserve land and waters in hinterlands
LEED-ND – Neighborhood Development Title # Credits Points % of total Location Efficiency 7 28 25% Reduced Automobile Dependence 2 to 6 Environmental Preservation 13 11% Compact, Complete, & Connected Neighborhoods 22 42 37% Compact Development 1 to 5 Transit-Oriented Compactness 1 Diversity of Uses 1 to 3 Comprehensively Designed Walkable Streets 2 Superior Pedestrian Experience 1 to 2 Transit Amenities 1 Access to Nearby Communities 1 Resource Efficiency 17 25 22% Certified Green Building 1 to 5 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 1 to 3 Heat Island Reduction 1 Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1 On-Site Power Generation 1 On-Site Renewable Energy Sources 1 Reuse of Materials 1 Recycled Content 1 Regionally Provided Materials 1 Construction Waste Management 1 Other 2 6 TOTAL 48 114 100% Certified: 46 – 56; Silver: 57 – 67; Gold: 68 – 90; Platinum: 91 – 114
Mannheim, GermanyA city and its utility • Population 350,000 • University town • Industrial Base • ABB, Siemens, Mercedes Trucks, BASF • Multi-utility structure • District Heating/Cooling • Gas • Electricity • Water/Waste water • Mass transit • City/Private partnership: MVV • 5 tons CO2/capita/year!! Over 116 years of evolution… Thanks to MVV CEO Michael Lowak and Peter Garforth for these Mannheim slides
Whole Community Energy and Vehicles: Vehicle Electrification and Biofuels • Plug-in Hybrids • All electric vehicles • Flex-fuel Plug-in Hybrid • Less gasoline, lower cost, lower emissions Prius Plug In,2012 GM Volt, 2010 Nissan LEAF, 2010 Tesla Model S, 2011
Electric Drive Vehicles:Gas-equivalent “Price per Gallon” and CO2 Emissions One-quarter the cost of gasoline (10¢/kWh, $3/gal) One-half the CO2 emissions as gasoline (average U.S. electricity sources: 52% coal)
Where do you get the electricity? • Vehicles charged at night by grid power during off-peak hours • Plug-in Vehicles can enhance Distributed Renewable Generation • Your PV garage roof is your filling station • Night-time demand provides a market for grid wind power or other intermittent generation.
PNW Lab National Study (Kintner-Meyer, et al, 2007): Grid capacity for 73% VMT by BEV/PHEV
The PV Garage could easily charge a vehicle for 30-45 all-electric miles per day Area and cost of Rooftop photovoltaics to charge Plug-in Prius for 30-45 miles per day in selected cities (Randolph & Masters, 2008)
Regional Wind and Biofuels to fuel flex-fuel/hybrid/electric vehicles
Vehicles-to-Grid (V2G) Electricity Storage • Fleet of plug-in vehicles enable a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power storage system. • Vehicles batteries (charged primarily at night) provide a bank of storage for the grid when parked and plugged in at parking decks during the day when peak power is needed most. • “Smart grid” system would enable feed-in to grid
How do we achieve Whole Community Energy? • Advance sustainable energy & water & land Technologies • Transform the Market for efficient and renewable energy systems • Enhance consumer and community Choice for efficiency, conservation, non-carbon energy • Community Energy Planning to • Remove barriers, Educate public • Initiate climate action plans, community choice, building and land use regulations & incentives, transit plans, and other energy efficiency • Public Policies to • Advance sustainable energy technologies into the market • Enhance consumer and community choice • Enable Community Energy Planning
Local energy policies • Programs for energy retrofit of existing buildings • Codes and incentives for green buildings • Smart growth management for efficient land use control (Sacramento) • Municipal utility programs for efficiency (Seattle) and/or rebates for renewable energy (Austin) • Carbon tax (Boulder) or feed-in tariffs for renewables (Gainesville)