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The UPML Framework, IRS-I and IRS-II

The UPML Framework, IRS-I and IRS-II. John Domingue, Liliana Cabral & Enrico Motta Knowledge Media Institute The Open University, UK. Outline. Overview of web services UPML – knowledge level modelling paradigm Classification Library IRS-I Demo quickly configuring an apple classifier

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The UPML Framework, IRS-I and IRS-II

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  1. The UPML Framework, IRS-I and IRS-II John Domingue, Liliana Cabral & Enrico Motta Knowledge Media Institute The Open University, UK

  2. Outline • Overview of web services • UPML – knowledge level modelling paradigm • Classification Library • IRS-I Demo • quickly configuring an apple classifier • IRS-II – capability driven web service invocation • Patient Shipping Scenario (Demo) • Preparation for afternoon hands on session

  3. Web Service in a nutshell • Web of documents -> web of reusable software components • A piece of software available over the Internet which can be invoked through a standardized (normally XML-based) messaging system

  4. WS – Usage scenario Service Description Service Registry Find Publish Service Requester Service Provider Bind Web Service

  5. What’s the big deal? • In U.S. Web Services Market Analysis, 2002 IDC predicts that Web services will become the dominant distributed computing architecture in the next 10 years. Web services will drive software, services and hardware sales of $21 billion in the U.S. by 2007 and will reach $27 billion in 2010. • Web services promise easy access to remote content and application functionality, independently of the provider's platform, the location, the service implementation, or the data format. Kuassi Mensah, Oracle • Exposure of capabilities

  6. Application Areas • E-commerce • Integrating supply chains, Brokering, Shopping bots, etc.. • E-science • Data Analysis, Discovery, Integration, etc.. • Knowledge Management • Information search, personalization,

  7. Limitations of WS Technology • Manual Discovery • Manual Invocation • Manual (ad hoc) Mediation • Manual (ad hoc) Composition

  8. Semantic differences remain the primary roadblock to smooth application integration, one which Web Services alone won't overcome. Until someone finds a way for applications to understand each other, the effect of Web services technology will be fairly limited. When I pass customer data across [the Web] in a certain format using a Web Services interface, the receiving program has to know what that format is. You have to agree on what the business objects look like. And no one has come up with a feasible way to work that out yet -- not Oracle, and not its competitors...--- Oracle Chairman and CEO Larry Ellison

  9. Positioning Semantic Web Services Web Services (UDDI, WSDL, SOAP) Semantic Web Services Dynamic Semantic Web (RDF, OWL) Web (URI, HTML, HTTP) Static Semantics Syntax

  10. Motivation • Mismatch between users view and web service functionalities • Requires web service centred and user (community) centred semantic representations • Users want to carry out tasks or achieve goals • Richer semantics required for automatic web service location, selection, mediation, composition, brokering

  11. UPML Framework

  12. UPML Framework

  13. UPML Framework

  14. Observables Candidate Sols. Classification Solution Solution Criterion Classification Classification can be seen as the problem of finding the solution (class), which best explains a set of known facts (observables), according to some criterion

  15. Example Observables {background=green; area=china...} {chinese-granny, dutch-granny, etc..} Classification Candidate Sols. Solution {chinese-granny} Criterion Complete-coverage-criterion (every observable has to be explained)

  16. Classification Task Ontology • 70 Definitions • Provides both a theory of classification and a vocabulary to describe classification problems • Ontology is separated from task specifications

  17. Generic Classification Task • Input roles • Candidate Solutions, Match Criterion, Solution Criterion, Observables • Output Roles • Solutions • Precondition • Both observables and candidate solutions have to be provided • Goal • To find a solution from the candidate solutions which is admissible with respect to the given observables, solution criterion and match criterion

  18. Classification Task (1/2)

  19. Classification Task (2/2)

  20. Specific Classification Tasks • Single-Solution Classification Task • Single-solution assumption • Optimal Classification Tasks • Goal requires optimality

  21. Problem Solving Library • Based on heuristic classification model • Includes both data-directed and solution-directed methods • Supported by a method ontology

  22. Data Abstractions Heuristic Match Abstraction Refinement Solutions Heuristic Classification Model Solutions Abstractions Data Clancey, AI Journal, 27, 1985

  23. Method Ontology: Main Concepts • Abstractors • Mechanism for performing abstraction on observables • Abstractor: Obs* -> Obs • Refiners • Mechanism for specialising a solution • Refiner: Sol -> Sol* • Candidate Exclusion Criterion • A criterion which is used to decide when a search path is a dead-end • Default criterion rules out inconsistent solutions

  24. 3 Heuristic Classification PSMs • Two Data-directed • Admissible Solution Classifier • Finds one admissible solution according to the given criteria • Uses backtracking hill climbing • Optimal Classifier • Performs complete search looking for optimal solution • Uses best-first strategy • Uses candidate exclusion criterion to prune search space • One Solution-directed • Goes down the solution hierarchy, acquiring observables as needed • Ask for observables with max discrimination power

  25. Task-Method Hierarchy

  26. Example • Apple Domain • Originally developed in Amsterdam • Solutions = Apple Types = {granny, noble, delicious...} • Hierarchy of Apple Types • Features = {bkg-colour, fg-colour, rusty....} • Pretty trivial really!

  27. Demo

  28. IRS-II: Integrating UPML and Web Services

  29. The Internet Reasoning Service is an infrastructure for publishing, locating, executing and composing semantic web services, organized according to the task/method/domain framework

  30. Features of IRS-II (1/2) • Based on Soap messaging standard • Provides API for client applications • Provides built-in brokering and service discovery support • Provides capability-centred service invocation

  31. Features of IRS-II (2/2) • Publishing support for variety of platforms • Java, Lisp, Web Applications, Java Web Services • Enables publication of ‘standard code’ • Provides clever wrappers automatically, which turn code into web services • One-click publishing of web services • Integrated with standard Web Services world • Published code appears as • Semantic web service to IRS • ‘Ordinary’ web service to web service world

  32. Task Spec (def-class exchange_rate_provision (goal-specification-task) ?task ((has-input-role :value has_source_currency :value has_target_currency) (has-output-role :value has_exchange_rate) (has_source_currency :type currency :cardinality 1) (has_target_currency :type currency :cardinality 1) (has_exchange_rate :type positive-number) (has-precondition :value (kappa (?psm) (and (currency (role-value ?psm has_source_currency)) (currency (role-value ?psm has_target_currency))))) (has-goal-expression :value (kappa (?psm ?sol) (= ?sol (the_official_exchange_rate (role-value ?psm has_source_currency) (role-value ?psm has_target_currency)))))))

  33. Grounding • Soap-based • Done at task level

  34. Toplevel Exchange Rate Method (def-class exchange-rate-provider (primitive-method) ?psm ((has-input-role :value has_source_currency :value has_target_currency) (has-output-role :value has-exchange-rate) (has_source_currency :type currency :cardinality 1) (has_target_currency :type currency :cardinality 1) (has-exchange-rate :type positive-number) (has-precondition :value (kappa(?s) (stock_available (role-value ?psm has_target_currency))))))

  35. Exchange Rate Methods (def-class european-exchange-rate-provider (exchange-rate-provider) ?psm () :own-slots ((applicability-condition (kappa (?psm) (european-currency (role-value ?psm 'has_source_currency)))) (tackles-task-type exchange_rate_provision))) (def-class non-european-exchange-rate-provider (exchange-rate-provider) ?psm () :own-slots ((applicability-condition (kappa (?psm) (non-european-currency (role-value ?psm 'has_source_currency)))) (tackles-task-type exchange_rate_provision)))

  36. IRS-II Framework IRS Server IRS Publisher Lisp Domain Models IRS Publisher Java Method Specifications+ Registry of Implementors IRS Publisher S O A P Java WS Task Specifications+ SOAP Binding IRS Publisher SOAP IRS Client

  37. Patient Shipping Scenario

  38. Patient Shipping Scenario

  39. Money Related Services

  40. Medical Related Services

  41. Patient Shipping Demo

  42. Task Spec

  43. Method Spec

  44. Supporting Definitions

  45. Hospital Bed Service Task

  46. Hospital Bed Service PSM

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